Effect of Urban Settings on Population Health

Effect of Urban Settings on Population Health Policies of Urban Planning that Influence Built Environment Urban settings have a direct impact on the health of the people who live there. Our lifestyles, living standards, health and social behaviours had a significant changes as a result of urbanization. Ratio of people living as drastically changes as before ten year three out of ten are living in cities but in future approx 2050 ,seven out of ten will be living in cities(10). Urban area provide great opportunities for individuals and families to prosper and opportunity with enhanced access to services, culture and recreation that provides a health living environment, because of this favourable aspects people are attracted by urban cities as started living there. But with this favourable condition there are health risk too for people living in cities as big city lights, bustling market places skyscrapers. Many new health challenges and health hazards rises to the denizen of city. In developing world ,environmental factors are the main cause of compelling burden in terms of the of mortality and morbidity. Since a healthy environment is a prerequisite for a healthy population, a combine and broad approach to health and environment is required to protect both the environment and public health. In recent years mortality reduction Progress has although accelerated uneven improvement and large variations in health status persist both between and within countries. As Environment is linked with most of the Millennium Development Goals. But by year 2015 MDGs will be difficult to achieve without proper attention being paid to the environmental risk factors and its management. Policies related to built environment in Developed countries For shaping our lifestyle and environment policy is a effectual tool. In Public health domain researchers are made particularly in the areas how policy changes and to increase physical activity by large scale investments are made in transportation groundwork. Decisive factor in how people get to work is built environment. For active commute, to make easier for people protected bike lanes, sidewalks and availability of bike storage. Similarly physical activity increases by access to public transportation, since it gives people a chance to walk to and from a bus stop . local trains and metro station. Land-Use Policies During the last half of the 20th century and the early part of the 21st century In the U.S., for highway development the direct subsidies and federal housing loans are two major policy decisions that fuelled the rise of sprawling suburban developments. Nonetheless, local cities and towns can enact policies for land-use, such as building codes and zoning regulations and to support physical activity create community-wide environments. Access to Public Transportation Public transportation may help sluggish individuals to travel their workplaces in daily routine ,as it is cost effective especially for people low-income and minority groups, and good for daily physical activity. For disease control and prevention it is recommend for communities to improve access to public transport, this may encourage people to use it. Bike and Pedestrian-Friendly Street Designs and Policies In the Netherlands, by contrast, trips are made by bike are 27 percent .While U.S. people are making more trips by walking .inn 2009 it is approx 10.5 percent of all trips. In Europe umber of policies has been proposed based on successful support of active transport. This policies focuses on making streets safer for walking and biking: minimize speed limits, more time for longer pedestrian crossing, voluminous sidewalks, planting should be done to calm traffic in the roadways, city zones should be auto-free and protected, dedicated lanes for bike are few approaches. Some Other options include offering incentives for not using cars. In early 2000s London made broad bike path, bike parking, and development of traffic safety and congestion pricing .In 2003 drivers have to pay fine to enter in city. From 2000 to 2008 these changes have been accompanied by a doubling in bicycle trips and a 12 percent reduction in serious cycling injuries. In the U.S., to make roads safer for drivers, pedestrians and cyclist a list of policies are made by the National Complete Streets Coalition for local, state, and federal governments. Our surroundings and the policies that shape them have a substantial impact on where, when, how, and how much physical activity we get on a daily basis. Obesity epidemic is caused by lack of physical activity, friendly environments is one way to help turn around the epidemic. Buildings ,roads, communities are many elements to an activity-friendly environment encourage walking and biking; there are some plentiful and appealing places as parks, garden and playground (2). The city has in fact become a key focus for promoting sustainable development policy within UK. ( which city.) Make greater use of integrated urban development policy approaches (by creating and ensuring high-quality public spaces, modernising infrastructure networks and improving energy efficiency, proactive innovation and educational policies. Pay special attention to deprived neighbourhoods within the context of the city as a whole (by pursuing strategies to upgrade the physical environment, strengthen the local economy and local labour market policy, instigate proactive education and training policies, and promote efficient and affordable urban transport. For example, By 2050 Vancouver city in Canada developed a plan to be the world’s greenest city and has approach to determined action plan to achieve its target with the competition with London, New York, San Francisco, Sydney and Stockholm such cities. By 2020 majority of people travels through public transport, cycling and walking. By 2020,0 % waste so that solid waste per capita going to dumping ground or cinerarium is reduced by 40%. BY 2020 Easy access to nature and green spaces with everyone living within a 5 minute walk of such space which will also see the planting of 150, 000 more trees. Human Health By 2020 taking pleasure of the best drinking water of any prime city in the world by meeting/beating national and international standards and 33% reducing per capita consumption. By 2020 WHO target access to the cleanest air of any major world city by meeting/beating. Policies related to built environment in Developing countries The built environment in many developing countries is fast decaying. The factors responsible can be traced to rapid urbanization, rural- urban migration, steady economic downturn, decay of urban infrastructure, and poor quality of original construction, lack of integrated planning, negligent urban housekeeping, and preservation of historic value, disaster and war. This problem is more felt in Africa and Asia where half of the population are either homeless or living in houses which are dangerous to health and an affront to human dignity. Nearly 80.0% of the urban population lives in slums and squatter settlements without adequate water, lighting, sanitation and waste disposal (World Bank, 2005) Following are some of the policy suggestions in developing countries The first to be considered is the need for quality housing and hygienic environment. To achieve this, extensive redevelopment and upgrading programmes through the provision of urban basic services are essential in the area priority should be given to provision of portable water disposal facilities, and proper maintenance of drainages. Sanitary inspections should be regularly carried out on provision of household facilities with the enforcement of environmental sanitary laws. Adequate funding should be given to Waste Management Authority for effective service as well as improved health facilities in the Area. Generally, poverty tends to breed poor environmental and unhygienic conditions that have great impact on human health. This is because poor cannot afford for the facility for a healthy living, most especially, quality housing thus they become vulnerable to health risks. To avoid this situation and assure good environmental standard, public enlightenment and environmental educatio n would be necessary to keep the people well informed about the importance of healthy and hygienic environment. There is only one choice to make and that is preservation and proper management of our environment in such a way that it can be useful for the future generation. As we know health is wealth. The most promising area where the greatest impact can be made in combating the disease burden in our environments and ensure a stable healthier and longer lifespan for people surely lies on investment in environmental sanitation, good housing condition and sound health. Adequate plans should be made therefore to involve stakeholders, individuals and governments (local, state and federal) to redeeming the image of deplorable parts of our cities and rescue the lives of the poor residents.(3)

Case study 2-2 Essay

Case Project 2-2 I would determine whether an investigation is required for this type of situation. I would make am initial assessment about the case that I will be investigating. Meanwhile, determining the type a design of approach for this particular case. I would then estimate the time of each step, when the check was issued and as the amount. I would ask Jonathan to interview the other individual who has access to the company’s accounting program. I would review the company computer as well as the accounting program and see if there are any significant documents; which would including the company checkbook and ledger, as well as contact the bank for the most current bank statement. Any type of information pertaining or related to that particular check, which was issued during that time. However, if cleared, then further investigation has to be done. I would examine that employee’s email for anything suspicious as well as surveillance cameras within that office. I would also study the suspects work habits as well. I would ask Jonathan to locate and itemized any details of the subcontractor’s job amounting to $10,750 and the facts of the check for the amount $12,750. I would try to find the facts of the $2,000 difference, if available by comparing bank statements, and the accounting program. I will inform him to be very watchful of any relevant information that may eventually be evidence in this type of criminal case, which could be employee theft or embezzlement. If this other person beside Jonathan is involved in this crime and not being an  accounting error, has taken place, I would recommend Jonathan to allow me to further my investigation with this company.

A Short Term Study Abroad - 978 Words

In the Fall of 2015, when I first arrived at Rutgers I set numerous goals for myself. One of these goals was to excel in my studies in order to allow myself to gain real life experience and knowledge while studying abroad. After doing serious research, I had confidence that The GREEN Program was the perfect short term study abroad experience to excel my professional career, and academic growth amongst other like-minded individuals from universities around the country and the world. After applying, acceptance, and a semester of figuring out the workings of Rutgers’ registration, study abroad, and financial aid departments. I was able to secure the financing and degree credit approval necessary to participate in the 9-day spring break program in Cusco, Peru. Prior to this trip I had never been out of the country, so after expediting my passport, securing my flights, filling out all the necessary paperwork, and making full payment, I was sent a package of mandatory pre-program educational material. This included useful information on The Sustainable Development Goals, the importance of self-motivation, collective evolution agents of change, overcoming adversity, thought leadership, future trends, and entrepreneurship. The combination of different articles, academic material, short videos, and TED talks all seem to coordinate perfectly with what I’ve been learning in my environmental policy, institutions and behavior curriculum. Before I knew it, March 10th hadShow MoreRelatedStudy Abroad Is Beneficial For All College Students Development1394 Words   |  6 Pagesthis Literature review is to signal to the reader how study abroad is beneficial to all college students development. The journals make it a point to say that the study abroad programs offered in universities are expanding and participation by students is increasing. Also stated, is professors that wish that their students who are excluded by their major from studying abroad to have a program that allows them to go abroad. This field of study is interesting because it positively affects the studentRead MoreEssay885 Words   |  4 Pagesauthority to develop and commensurate. The Iowa State campus Study Abroad Association stuff says in other words that they have time to examine and create a plan for everyone by making critical decisions. According to the Iowa State home page it states â€Å"Ames, Iowa, may seem like its a world away from South Africa. But Iowa State students in an introductory apparel construction class are bridging the nearly 10,000-mile distance by sewing shorts and dresses for South African children in need. These studentsRead MoreAnalysis of Some of the Benefits of Study Abroad Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pagesstudents from Europe, especially from America, are moving towards the Middle East Universities for education (Vesely, 2005). They want to now the culture and language changes in the Middle East universities, especially in Jordan. Benefits of the Study Abroad: There are a number of education organizations in the world that working for the student exchange programs to enhance the harmony, peace and communication among the different people. The students that are above than 20 years of age can easily learnRead MoreInfluence on College, Study Abroad Programs850 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction This nonexperimental study is examining the influence on college, study abroad programs and the influence on â€Å"environmental citizenship,† (Tarrant Lyons, 2012, p. 201) in undergraduate college students. The literature review provided adequate background and previous studies to support the purpose of this study. The literature review does lead to the clearly stated research purpose of â€Å"exploring the effect of previous study abroad experience, gender, and destination on pre- and post-levelsRead MoreStudy Abroad Influences A Student s Life From Personal Growth1244 Words   |  5 PagesSUMMARY The goal of this study is to see how study abroad influences a student s life from personal growth to academia. Personal experience,interviews and questionnaires show the broad benefits that SA trips give benefits which include personal growth, higher academic achievement, personal cultural awareness. Previous articles on this subject have come to similar conclusions and hinted at what more research would conclude. My research reiterated and reinforced the past research but also allowedRead MoreUniversities Should Require Abroad Programs For Any Majors833 Words   |  4 Pagesinstitutions should require abroad programs for certain majors. â€Å"If we are going to offer a Global Business degree, then how is that global when students aren’t leaving the states?† She later followed up with the idea that any major should go abroad. She stated that some universities has even required that student do go a aboard sometime in their college career. That they come in as a freshma n and they will pay as part of their tuition each year to pay for the abroad experience. Doing this will helpRead MoreU.s. Dollar, China s Central Bank1397 Words   |  6 Pageschina took this monetary action to face with the problem from the US dollar (What are the factors)? What is the (Positive or negative) influence will be aroused in the short term by this Chinese Yuan depreciation? What will be happen if this devaluation last in the further and what will be affected by this monetary policy in the long term? The following text will answer and analyse these three questions. Why china took this monetary step to against with Us dollar? There are two key reasons of these questionsRead MoreAdvantages to Studying Abroad789 Words   |  3 Pagesan era of information explosion which the necessity of studying abroad has turned into a developing pattern among youth. Most of the students feel that studying abroad is better than studying in local universities. As the saying goes, â€Å"the grass always looks greener on the other side of fence.† In this way, I believe that considering abroad have extraordinary points of benefits. First and foremost, from personal angle, study abroad enables students to achieve high level of maturity and independenceRead MoreGreece Is Experiencing An Unprecedented Economical Crisis1637 Words   |  7 Pagespolicies aiming to foster economic renewal. A clear need for policies promoting innovation based development has risen. This essay focuses on one of the pre-conditions for innovation based growth in the country of Greece. Priority is given, in the terms of the proper function of labour markets, on the problem of Greek brain drain, with emphasis in the potential effective innovation policies to reverse the current situation. Introduction The economic and financial crisis has hit the Greece hard, withRead MoreU.s. Dollar, Chinas Central Bank1563 Words   |  7 Pageschina took this monetary action to face with the problem from the US dollar (What are the factors)? What is the (Positive or negative) influence will be aroused in the short term by this Chinese Yuan depreciation? What will be happen if this devaluation last in the further and what will be affected by this monetary policy in the long term? The following text will answer and analyse these three questions. Why china took this monetary step to against with Us dollar? There are two key reasons of these

Factors Affecting The Prevalence Of Malnutrition Essay

Research Question: What factors contribute to the prevalence of malnutrition in elderly? Introduction/Background: Malnutrition is defined as an â€Å"imbalance of nutrients caused by either an excess intake of nutrients or a nutritional deficit† (Furman, 2006, p.76). Malnutrition is increasingly common issue among the elderly population, this is a basis for better understanding considering malnutrition negatively affects the health of the older adult (Furman, 2006, p.77). It impacts morbidity and mortality and increases the risk of a multitude of physical conditions. Ultimately, longer and more intensive care periods is required for elderly admitted to hospital who are malnourished. An estimated 5-10% of elderly people living in the community setting are malnourished (Furman, 2006, p.79). Approximately 60% of hospitalised older adults (age 65 or older) and 35-85% are in residential care (Furman, 2006, p.79). It has been observed that there are both social and physical factors involved in increasing the risk of malnutrition in an elderly person (Visvanathan Chapman, 2009, p.6). This includes but is not limited to, living alone, recent major health event, cognitive and physical decline or generalised frailty and financial issues (Visvanathan Chapman, 2009, p.6). Studies have attributed the need for improved detection and treatment of malnutrition in elderly (Maher Eliadi, 2015, para.3). These articles also demonstrate that malnutrition in the elderly is poorly recognizedShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Protein Energy Malnutrition On Children And Children1708 Words   |  7 Pagesphysically with mentally. Protein energy malnutrition is the deficiencies of protein, energy and other micronutrients. This malnutrition disease can be affected from not eating enough healthy diets and recognizing by physical appearance signs, dietary data and bio-medical data. There are some factors affecting in age groups women and children malnutrition by socioeconomic and cultural factors, biological factors, and environmental factors (1). Malnutrition fully affected to the starving with otherRead MoreThe Food Intake Is A Major Determinant Of Nutritional Status Essay1384 Words   |  6 PagesThough the food intake is a major determinant of nutritional status in chil dren, it is not the only determinant. It varies considerably with socio-economic status (SES) and environmental factors as well such as household economic resources namely income, asset and wealth, standard of living, caste, religion, education and occupation of the parents, also influence child health. Each component of SES displays varied relationships to various health outcomes and provides different resources. There isRead MoreStudy Participants Age Ranged From 6 Years Up To 17 Years1538 Words   |  7 Pagesschool, and 45.4% had irregular work. The majority of participants, 54.8% were members of large family size (more than 5) with half of participants classified in the low socioeconomic level. The prevalence of stunting (HAZ 2SD for HAZ, WAZ, and BAZ are 0.3%, 4.4% and 14.9% respectively. Double malnutrition problem was reported among participants. The problem of stunting is shown in Height for age distribution in figure 1 where the curve is skewed to the left to WHO world standard normal distributionRead MoreConcept Of Healthy Children : The Nutritional Status Of Children1650 Words   |  7 Pages(stunting) which reflects long-term growth faltering and weight-for-age (underweight) which is a composite indicator of both long and short term effects. Weights and heights of children are compared with the reference standards (NCHS/ CDC/WHO) and the prevalence of anthropometric deficits is usually expressed as the percentage of children below a specific cut-off point such as minus 2 standard deviations (2SD) from the median value of the international reference data. Thus, children who are below the referredRead MoreMalnutrition And Malnutrition867 Words   |  4 Pagesin a state of constant hunger, and prone to diseases. These are only a two of the effects malnutriti on has on the human body. Malnutrition has been a lingering issue in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) causing several issues to the economy, health and wellbeing of the country. In spite of modern technology and conveniences, there are still populations in the world that are affected by malnutrition, therefore more worldwide collaborative efforts should be made, not only between the localRead MoreThe Importance Of Nutrition And Supportive Environment1526 Words   |  7 Pagespregnant mother and disrupt the intergenerational cycle of malnutrition(1, 2, 11) The first 1000 days of development can be divided into 3 stages of care: during pregnancy, baby stage and toddler stage (2). The distribution of the 3 stages points out that not only the nutrition and support for the child but also pregnant mother is crucial for the development of child because it is an intergenerational cycle. Since the pregnant mother with malnutrition can produce small for gestational age (SGA) , low birthRead MoreReducing Under Food Aid Is Not A Long Term Solution Essay1575 Words   |  7 Pagesimproving the infrastructure for poor people needs to be long-term focus. This long-term approach is necessary because the most significant factor affecting under nutrition of people in impoverished areas of the world is their reliance on outside sources for basic needs. Their dependence makes them constantly vulnerable. Under nutrition is the most common form of malnutrition among the poor in both developing and developed countries. It is also the primary cause of specif ic nutrient deficiencies that canRead MoreFactors Affecting The Deficiency Of Vitamin1071 Words   |  5 Pagesintake. India has the highest prevalence of clinical and subclinical VA deficiency among South Asian countries. Poverty, culture and nutrition education are the major contributing factors for this vitamin deficiency. In this paper, I would like to discuss those factors that are affecting the deficiency of Vitamin A in India. Poverty is the major cause for the maximum diseases in India. The high population growth rate is one of the major reasons of poverty in India. Malnutrition seems to be more commonRead MoreMaternal And Childhood Malnutrition On Low And Middle Income Countries2036 Words   |  9 PagesMaternal and childhood malnutrition in low and middle-income countries presents a global public health challenge and threatens attainment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)i. Encompassing both under nutrition and obesity as well as vitamin and mineral deficiency, malnutrition can be caused by multiple factorsii. These factors are closely linked to general standards of living, education, environment and the ability of a population to meet its basic needsiii. Malnutrition has profound effectsRead More[Author] [Nutrition and diet in inflammatory bowel disease] [Institution] [University]1200 Words   |  5 Pagesulcerative colitis (UC). Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is major disease affecting about 60 thousand people in Australia, about 1.4 million in United States (US) while in Europe its prevalence is about 2.2 million persons who suffer from these diseases (Kansal, Wagner, Kirkwood Catto-Smith, 2013; Loftus, 2004 ). Environmental factors are very much importance for prevalence of disease. The strongest environmental factors leading towards the incidence of the disease are smoking and bad or unhealthy

Essay on The Importance of Male Characters to Kate Chopin

The Importance of Male Characters to Kate Chopin Why and how does she use them? Kate Chopin is an author who examines the position of women in 19th century Louisiana. She describes their plight, living in a society designed by men, one that confines women’s behavior. It was imperative for Kate Chopin to highlight her male characters, as they ultimately are responsible for her heroines’ actions. The â€Å"Awakening† and â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† are two examples that deal with the issues resulting from a male dominant society, though the stories vary in their approach. Men and marriage are however the common factors that symbolize the obstacles that Kate Chopin’s women face. In â€Å"The Awakening† Edna, the main character enjoys being†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"He fell in love, as men are in habit of doing and pressed his suit with an earnestness and ardor which left nothing to be desired.† (p.31) Pontellier courts Edna with great love and passion, trying to win her heart. When Edna decided to regain control of her life she had â€Å"a feeling of exultation† which â€Å"overtook her, as if some power of significant import had been given her to control the working of her body and her soul.† (p.43-44) Pushing her quest for independence to the limit â€Å"she grew daring and reckless, overestimating her strength. She wanted to swim far out, where no woman had swum before.† (p. 43-44) Throughout â€Å"The Awakening† Edna longs to get away from her husband and attain total freedom of body and mind. She therefore, tries to escape her marriage through friends, music and love affairs. Reflecting on her life, Edna views her husband â€Å"like a person whom she married without love as an excuse.† (p.110). Furthermore, she looks at men as convincing and sly, who try to trap women with their love. In the end, as Edna feels that she has gained control of her life, she leans her head against the high-backed chair and spreads her arms like one whoShow MoreRelatedThe Unique Style Of Kate Chopin s Writing1603 Words   |  7 PagesThe unique style of Kate Chopin’s writing has influenced and paved the way for many female authors. Although not verbally, Kate Chopin aired political and social issues affecting women and challenging the validity of such restrictions through fiction. Kate Chopin, a feminist in her time, prevailed against the notion that a womanà ¢â‚¬â„¢s purpose was to only be a housewife and nothing more. Kate Chopin fortified the importance of women empowerment, self-expression, self-assertion, and female sexuality throughRead MoreFor centuries man has been considered to be the dominate species. Writings throughout history1100 Words   |  5 Pagessanity. Importance on being portrayed as the â€Å"perfect† women or housewife could have also been a factor. The late nineteenth century the author, Kate Chopin, brought to the surface truth underneath women with the use of her stories. Many considered this to be madness, because of the content in her writings. As Aristotle once said ‘â€Å"No great mind has ever existed without a touch of madness.† (Goodreads) Madness is behavior or thinking that is very foolish or dangerous. (Mariam-Webster) Kate ChopinRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin And The House On Mango Street1732 Words   |  7 PagesAwakening by Kate Chopin and The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros, spearheaded movements for freedom by tackling the prejudice of gender roles, expressing through their novels’ characters and experiences the arguments for individual freedom and the challenges that must be conquered to achieve those goals for future generations. The Awakening by Kate Chopin was written at the end of the nineteenth century in a time where freedom was granted based off of a bias: only white males could trulyRead MoreThe Importance Of A Women And The Hierarchy Of A Male1639 Words   |  7 PagesOne famous author that has been able to gain a vast audience is Kate Chopin. She has publish many short stories such as â€Å"Story of an Hour†,† A Pair of Silt Stockings†, â€Å"A Respectable Women†, â€Å"Desiree s Baby† and â€Å"The Storm† . These stories causes people to question whether their assumptions of a novel is correct. Two major theme that Chopin promotes throughout most of her work, is the importance of a women and the hierarchy of a male. These stories all have different story lines but share a commonRead MoreThe Female Role in William Faulkners â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† Katherine Mansfields â€Å"Miss Brill,† and Kate Chopins â€Å"The Storm.†1329 Words   |à ‚  5 PagesReading literature, at first, might seem like simple stories. However, in works like William Faulkners â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† Katherine Mansfields â€Å"Miss Brill,† and Kate Chopins â€Å"The Storm,† the female protagonists are examples of how society has oppressive expectations of them simply because of their gender. Curry believes that Faulkner displays the story of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† through scenes of gender differences. The beginning of the story shows the motivational split between men and women.Read MoreKate Chopin s The Awakening1553 Words   |  7 Pagesevident throughout The Awakening by Kate Chopin. Chopin uses contrasting characters such as Edna Pontellier and Adele Ratignolle to further embody the differing aspects of feminism. Adele Ratignolle represents the ideal woman of the time period, a mindless housewife working to serve her family, whereas Edna signifies an independent and daring woman who does not conform to society’s beliefs. These two women’s differing characteristics and personalities allow Chopin to further compare and contrast theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story Story Of An Hour 1388 Words   |  6 Pagesnever lived to their full potential. In the short story, â€Å"Story of an Hour† the main character; Mrs. Mallard displays the ongoi ng struggles of what women during the eighteenth century had to go through. Men often had patriarchal values and dictated what type of behavior and traditional roles women had to follow that was deemed acceptable during this time. A patriarchal society is as follows, â€Å" consists of a male-dominated power structure throughout organized society and in individual relationshipsRead More The Awakening and The Yellow Wallpaper2395 Words   |  10 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kate Chopins story The Awakening and Charlotte Perkins Gilmans story The Yellow Wallpaper draw their power from two truths: First, each work stands as a political cry against injustice and at the socio/political genesis of the modern feminist movement. Second, each text is a gatekeeper of a new literary history. Kate Chopin and Charlotte Perkins Gilman seem to initiate a new phase in textual history where literary conventions are revised to serve an ideology representative of theRead MoreThe Awakening : Evaluating The Core Values Of The Nineteenth Century1203 Words   |  5 PagesThe Awakening: Evaluating The Core Values of the Nineteenth Century In Kate Chopin’s novel, The Awakening, the main protagonist Edna Pontellier exists as the embodiment of the feminist ideas that stand as outliers in the midst of the more traditional nineteenth century beliefs. Set in 1899 near the end of this generation, Chopin’s work explores the shared attitudes of most of the novel’s cast as they respond to Edna’s search for independence and freedom, an action that challenges her conservativeRead MoreKate Chopin s The Awakening1875 Words   |  8 Pagessocial, and economic equality to men.† The Awakening, by Kate Chopin, was written in 1890 during the height of the women s suffrage movement, and essentially the public felt that the author â€Å"went too far† due to â€Å"the sensuality† of the protagonist (Toth 1). The â€Å"male gatekeepers† that scrutinized her work saw her piece as a statement that â€Å"the husband is a drag†, and that traditional American values should be forgot ten (Toth 1). In truth, Chopin did not think that American values, such as motherhood

Night Creature Dark Moon Chapter Twenty One Free Essays

â€Å"Let’s regroup.† Nic stepped out of the sheriff’s office and headed for the cabin. The door was unlocked. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Twenty One or any similar topic only for you Order Now A note and the key lay on the kitchen table. Don’t forget to talk to Cora Kopway, I read in what I assumed was Will’s precise scrawl. He’d also drawn a map to her cottage. â€Å"Who’s Cora Kopway?† Nic asked. â€Å"Ojibwe wisewoman.† â€Å"And you’re supposed to talk to her why?† â€Å"Remember that talisman we found in Montana?† Which reminded me†¦ I left the kitchen and ran into the bedroom, retrieved the icon from my sweatpants and returned with it in my hand. Nic sat at the table, scribbling notes onto a notepad he’d produced from Lord knows where. He didn’t even glance up when I entered. â€Å"What about it?† Quickly I related what had happened since the icon came into my possession, as well as Will’s thoughts and the need to talk to Cora. At least he stopped taking notes. â€Å"You’re more powerful?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"And you don’t know why?† â€Å"No.† He stood. â€Å"Let’s go talk to her.† I glanced at the clock. Close to 4 a.m. now. â€Å"Isn’t it a little early for visiting?† â€Å"You said she was old. She’ll be awake.† Since he was already headed through the door, I hurried to catch up. The sun wasn’t even a smoky glow against the eastern sky when Nic parked in front of a small cottage several miles outside of Fairhaven. But the windows were lit, and as we got out of the car, the front door opened. A young, beautiful woman stood on the threshold as if she’d been waiting for us to arrive. Her skin was olive, not the cinnamon shade of Will’s, but her hair was just as dark, flowing to her waist like a waving ebony river. Her eyes, black and heavily lashed, gazed at us curiously, but she didn’t speak, she merely waited. Talk about aging gracefully; Will’s ancient wisewoman didn’t appear a day over twenty-five. â€Å"We’d like to speak with Cora Kopway,† I said. â€Å"My grandmother joined the spirits last week.† Hell. We were SOL when it came to information if Cora was dead. â€Å"I’m sorry to hear that. Will Cadotte said she might be able to help us.† â€Å"The professor!† An expression of pure delight blossomed. â€Å"Grandmother spoke of him often. He didn’t come with you?† â€Å"He was called away.† We stood silent, her on the porch, Nic and I in the yard. â€Å"Well – † I began. â€Å"Would you mind if we took a look at some of your grandmother’s books?† Nic asked. â€Å"Of course not. She’d be happy to help any friend of Professor Cadotte’s.† The woman opened the door wider. When she moved, a sound, like faint jingle bells, ensued. Golden bangles circled her arms; red, blue, and yellow beaded earrings tangled with her hair, their colors a reflection of the calf-length skirt and frilly peasant blouse. I caught a glimpse of an ankle bracelet, as well as several toe rings on her bare feet. â€Å"I’m Lydia.† â€Å"Elise Hanover,† I replied. â€Å"This is Nic Franklin.† She nodded in welcome to us both. The place was lovely, overflowing with Indian paintings and sculptures. Most were of animals: bear, moose, birds, coyotes, and, of course, wolves. One table held dried bones and what appeared to be teeth. Candles of all shapes, sizes, and colors graced the room. Pottery bowls stood on each table; some held powders, some unidentified objects. I smelled fresh-cut grass, sandalwood, and new snow on a crisp winter night. I was reminded of Montana beneath a full moon, and for the first time in a lifetime I missed the place. Bookshelves lined the walls, filled to the ceiling with volumes whose spines reflected every shade of the rainbow. More cluttered the tables and the floor, some rested on furniture the hues of the earth and the sky at sunset: mahogany, sand, azure, burnt orange. â€Å"It’s beautiful,† I breathed. â€Å"Thank you.† Lydia stepped into the room just behind me. â€Å"Grandmother left me the place, and I’m grateful. She’ll be a great loss to the Ojibwe community.† â€Å"Will said she was quite knowledgeable.† â€Å"Very. She was teaching me, but there was so much to learn.† Here was good news. Maybe we weren’t SOL after all. â€Å"We’re interested in information on shamanic totems with mystical power,† I said. â€Å"What kind of power?† â€Å"Shape-shifting.† Her gaze sharpened. â€Å"Into what?† â€Å"Wolf.† â€Å"Weendigo,† she whispered, and one of the candles sputtered, then went out, leaving a trail of smoke behind. â€Å"I always hate it when that happens,† I muttered. Lydia struck a match and relit the wick. The flame held steady and sure. â€Å"What’s a Weendigo?† Nic asked. â€Å"The Great Cannibal,† Lydia answered. â€Å"Ojibwe werewolf.† Nic cleared his throat, turned so Lydia couldn’t see, then pointed at his teeth. I frowned, considering. There’d been a bite mark on the single victim we’d seen. But human teeth, not wolf. No flesh removed. What about the others that no one could find? For all we knew, they could have been sporting bite marks, too, or missing big chunks of skin – kind of hard to tell without the bodies. We had something to think about. I shook my head, indicating we’d keep the information to ourselves for now. We were here to discuss the talisman, not the disappearances. â€Å"Getting back to the totem,† I said. â€Å"A sacrifice would be required to imbue the icon with power.† â€Å"Rabbit,† Nic muttered. â€Å"Unusual choice,† Lydia said. â€Å"But blood is blood. What is the totem made from?† â€Å"Plastic,† Nic blurted, before I could show her the thing. He was right to be cautious. The icon was evidence – of what, we didn’t know. But passing the thing around like a brand-new baby could be a mistake. â€Å"Also unusual,† Lydia continued. â€Å"But Grandmother always said it’s not the vessel that matters but the magic. The power behind the plastic is what counts. A spell, correctly performed by a shaman, could make anything a conduit. However, there aren’t a lot of people left with that kind of power.† â€Å"Could Cora have done it?† Nic asked. Lydia cast a quick glance his way. â€Å"If she wasn’t dead.† Nic dipped his chin in acknowledgment before asking, â€Å"I don’t suppose you know any others of Cora’s stature?† â€Å"No, but I can ask around.† â€Å"I’d appreciate it.† Nic removed a card from his pocket and handed it to Lydia. â€Å"You can reach us at this number.† I glanced at the books. â€Å"Axe there volumes on shamanic transformation?† â€Å"I haven’t seen any, but that doesn’t mean they aren’t there. Help yourself.† â€Å"I’ll take a quick look.† Nic headed for the nearest stack. Silence settled between us. We smiled, glanced away. Now what? I’d never been good at making friends. Becoming a werewolf and being relegated to a compound in Montana hadn’t improved the skill. Crossing to the window, I peered out. The forest came right up to the cottage. Most people would be claustrophobic, but to me the trees were soothing, both refuge and retreat. â€Å"Sorry.† Lydia joined me. â€Å"I’m not very good with people. Comes from spending too much time with just myself and my books.† She thought she was being geeky. Her insecurity called out to my own. â€Å"I have the same problem,† I said. My gaze was caught by a shadow. Something slunk low to the ground. Something furry, with ears and a tail. â€Å"Did you see that?† I asked. â€Å"What?† â€Å"There.† I pointed. â€Å"A wolf.† â€Å"No wolves around here. Probably a coyote.† The shadow had seemed damn big for a coyote, but then, shadows were like that. â€Å"You’ve never seen any wolves?† â€Å"Not since I moved in. Coyotes, though. A lot of them.† And where there were a lot of one, there weren’t any of the other. Wolves would tolerate foxes in their territory, but never coyotes. Another of nature’s little mysteries. â€Å"I’ve heard there are quite a few crows, too,† I observed. â€Å"They usually hang around wolves.† â€Å"I read something about that in a book on Chippewa legends.† Chippewa being the misspelling of Ojibwe by the government on treaties and other official documents. The mistake had made its way into common usage. â€Å"I meant Ojibwe,'† Lydia said quickly. â€Å"The author kept using the term Chippewa legend. I can’t get it out of my mind.† She smacked herself in the forehead with the heel of her hand. A second shadow skirted the cool confines of the forest, distracting me. â€Å"What’s so interesting?† Nic stood behind us. â€Å"Elise thought she saw a wolf.† He stared out the window for several moments. I held my breath. Did I want him to see a wolf, or didn’t I? â€Å"Nothing,† he murmured. â€Å"Must have been a coyote,† Lydia reiterated. Was I jumping at shadows? Probably. In my world, shadows often turned out to be real. â€Å"We should go,† Nic said. â€Å"You didn’t find anything useful in Grandmother’s books?† â€Å"No. But thanks for letting me look.† â€Å"Nice meeting you.† Lydia followed us to the door. â€Å"Come back anytime.† I stepped outside and sniffed, but the wind blew toward the forest – the wrong direction for me to scent anything but grass and trees, a few squirrels. The sun was just peeking over the horizon. Werewolves, for the most part, exist from dusk to dawn. However, the exact minute of dawn is hard to put a finger on without an almanac. â€Å"What’s the matter?† Nic asked as we climbed into the car and drove away. I flipped my finger toward the sky. â€Å"Too close to sunrise to have been anything but coyotes. Or real wolves.† â€Å"Okay.† Nic shrugged. â€Å"Then again, maybe not.† â€Å"Because?† â€Å"The Weendigo shifted anytime he wanted to, into any shape he saw fit. Luckily, he’s dead.† Thanks to Damien and Leigh. â€Å"There can’t be another one?† A cheery thought, however – â€Å"No. Or at least not right now. A Weendigo is made between the harvest and the hunter’s moon.† â€Å"Which means nothing to me,† Nic pointed out. â€Å"Harvest moon is in September, hunter’s October. Since it’s November we’re headed for the beaver or the frost moon.† â€Å"Where do you get this stuff?† â€Å"From books. The Indians coined names for each full moon. In November, the swamps freeze and the beavers wander. The People would set traps and make winter blankets of the heavy pelts.† â€Å"A kind of calendar – a way to mark time by the moon.† â€Å"Right. But I don’t remember reading anything about the beaver moon and disappearing bodies. I’ll have to talk to Will.† I held out my hand. â€Å"Cell phone?† â€Å"That’s a for-sure thing? The moon influencing – â€Å" â€Å"Werewolves?† I interrupted. â€Å"Oh, yeah.† â€Å"Okay.† He gave me his phone. â€Å"So no Weendigo. But that bite mark on the body bugs me.† â€Å"Me, too. I think we should talk to the medical examiner.† Nic’s fingers tightened on the steering wheel. â€Å"Me, too.† How to cite Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Twenty One, Essay examples

Frederick Froebel free essay sample

Friedrich Froebel was a German educator of the nineteenth century who developed an Idealist philosophy of early childhood education. He established kindergarten and education for four and five-year-old children. Kindergarten is now a part of education worldwide. Friedrich Froebel was born in the small town of Oberwiessbach, Germany in 1782. His mother died when he was nine months old. His father remarried, but Froebel never liked his stepmother and he led an unhappy life with his father and her. His feeling of rejection and isolation remained with him for life.This had a strong effect on his theory of early childhood education. He believed the kindergarten teacher should be loving, kind and motherly. He wanted his kindergarten to offer a sense of emotional security and self-esteem in children. At the age of ten, Froebel went to live with his uncle. As a young child, Froebel spent a lot of time playing in the garden around his home. We will write a custom essay sample on Frederick Froebel or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This led to his love of nature and had a profound effect on his educational philosophy. He briefly attended the University of Jena from 1800-1802.Then he studied architecture at Frankfurt University. Although he ended his studies without receiving a degree, Froebel gained a sense of artistic perspective and symmetry he later used to design his kindergarten â€Å"gifts† and â€Å"occupations. † While in Frankfurt Froebel was hired as a teacher at the Frankfurt Model School, which was a Pestalozzian school. He studied the Pestalozzi method of instruction which emphasized using objects to teach. His method rejected the use of corporal punishment and emphasized respecting the dignity of children.Froebel returned to Germany where in 1837 he established a new type of Early childhood school, a child’s garden, or as we now know it â€Å"Kindergarden†. This school was for 3 and 4 year olds and incorporated songs, play, stories and activities. It was an educational environment in which children through their own self-activity could develop in the right direction. This meant that in a child’s development they would follow the â€Å"divinely established laws of human growth† through their own activities. During this time Froebel’s reputation increased and kindergardens were established throughout Germany.Froebel â€Å"asserting that each child at birth has an internal spiritual essence–a life force–that seeks to be externalized through self-activity. He stated child development follows the doctrine of preformation, â€Å"the unfolding of that which was present latently in the individual. † The kindergarten is a special educational environment in which this self-active development occurs. The kindergartens gifts, occupations, and social and cultural activities, especially play, promote this self-actualization.Froebel was convinced that the kindergartens primary focus should be on play–the process by which he believed children expressed their innermost thoughts, needs, and desires. Froebels emphasis on play conflicted with the traditional view held during the nineteenth century that play, â€Å"a form of idleness and disorder, was an unworthy eleme nt of human life. † Froebel believed that play facilitated â€Å"childrens process of cultural recapitulation, imitation of adult vocational activities, and socialization. He believed the human race, in its collective history, had gone through major times of cultural development that added to and refined its culture. According to Froebels theory of cultural recapitulation, â€Å"each individual human being repeated the general cultural epoch in his or her own development. The occupations were items like paper, pencils, woods, sand, clay, straw, and sticks all used in different constructive activities. German immigrants introduced Kindergarten in the United States. Elizabeth Palmer Peabody established a Kindergarten in Boston and she translated several of Froebel’s books into English. She organized the Froebel Union and established an institute to train Kindergarten teachers.