Essay on The Importance of Male Characters to Kate Chopin

The Importance of Male Characters to Kate Chopin Why and how does she use them? Kate Chopin is an author who examines the position of women in 19th century Louisiana. She describes their plight, living in a society designed by men, one that confines women’s behavior. It was imperative for Kate Chopin to highlight her male characters, as they ultimately are responsible for her heroines’ actions. The â€Å"Awakening† and â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† are two examples that deal with the issues resulting from a male dominant society, though the stories vary in their approach. Men and marriage are however the common factors that symbolize the obstacles that Kate Chopin’s women face. In â€Å"The Awakening† Edna, the main character enjoys being†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"He fell in love, as men are in habit of doing and pressed his suit with an earnestness and ardor which left nothing to be desired.† (p.31) Pontellier courts Edna with great love and passion, trying to win her heart. When Edna decided to regain control of her life she had â€Å"a feeling of exultation† which â€Å"overtook her, as if some power of significant import had been given her to control the working of her body and her soul.† (p.43-44) Pushing her quest for independence to the limit â€Å"she grew daring and reckless, overestimating her strength. She wanted to swim far out, where no woman had swum before.† (p. 43-44) Throughout â€Å"The Awakening† Edna longs to get away from her husband and attain total freedom of body and mind. She therefore, tries to escape her marriage through friends, music and love affairs. Reflecting on her life, Edna views her husband â€Å"like a person whom she married without love as an excuse.† (p.110). Furthermore, she looks at men as convincing and sly, who try to trap women with their love. In the end, as Edna feels that she has gained control of her life, she leans her head against the high-backed chair and spreads her arms like one whoShow MoreRelatedThe Unique Style Of Kate Chopin s Writing1603 Words   |  7 PagesThe unique style of Kate Chopin’s writing has influenced and paved the way for many female authors. Although not verbally, Kate Chopin aired political and social issues affecting women and challenging the validity of such restrictions through fiction. Kate Chopin, a feminist in her time, prevailed against the notion that a womanà ¢â‚¬â„¢s purpose was to only be a housewife and nothing more. Kate Chopin fortified the importance of women empowerment, self-expression, self-assertion, and female sexuality throughRead MoreFor centuries man has been considered to be the dominate species. Writings throughout history1100 Words   |  5 Pagessanity. Importance on being portrayed as the â€Å"perfect† women or housewife could have also been a factor. The late nineteenth century the author, Kate Chopin, brought to the surface truth underneath women with the use of her stories. Many considered this to be madness, because of the content in her writings. As Aristotle once said ‘â€Å"No great mind has ever existed without a touch of madness.† (Goodreads) Madness is behavior or thinking that is very foolish or dangerous. (Mariam-Webster) Kate ChopinRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin And The House On Mango Street1732 Words   |  7 PagesAwakening by Kate Chopin and The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros, spearheaded movements for freedom by tackling the prejudice of gender roles, expressing through their novels’ characters and experiences the arguments for individual freedom and the challenges that must be conquered to achieve those goals for future generations. The Awakening by Kate Chopin was written at the end of the nineteenth century in a time where freedom was granted based off of a bias: only white males could trulyRead MoreThe Importance Of A Women And The Hierarchy Of A Male1639 Words   |  7 PagesOne famous author that has been able to gain a vast audience is Kate Chopin. She has publish many short stories such as â€Å"Story of an Hour†,† A Pair of Silt Stockings†, â€Å"A Respectable Women†, â€Å"Desiree s Baby† and â€Å"The Storm† . These stories causes people to question whether their assumptions of a novel is correct. Two major theme that Chopin promotes throughout most of her work, is the importance of a women and the hierarchy of a male. These stories all have different story lines but share a commonRead MoreThe Female Role in William Faulkners â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† Katherine Mansfields â€Å"Miss Brill,† and Kate Chopins â€Å"The Storm.†1329 Words   |à ‚  5 PagesReading literature, at first, might seem like simple stories. However, in works like William Faulkners â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† Katherine Mansfields â€Å"Miss Brill,† and Kate Chopins â€Å"The Storm,† the female protagonists are examples of how society has oppressive expectations of them simply because of their gender. Curry believes that Faulkner displays the story of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† through scenes of gender differences. The beginning of the story shows the motivational split between men and women.Read MoreKate Chopin s The Awakening1553 Words   |  7 Pagesevident throughout The Awakening by Kate Chopin. Chopin uses contrasting characters such as Edna Pontellier and Adele Ratignolle to further embody the differing aspects of feminism. Adele Ratignolle represents the ideal woman of the time period, a mindless housewife working to serve her family, whereas Edna signifies an independent and daring woman who does not conform to society’s beliefs. These two women’s differing characteristics and personalities allow Chopin to further compare and contrast theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story Story Of An Hour 1388 Words   |  6 Pagesnever lived to their full potential. In the short story, â€Å"Story of an Hour† the main character; Mrs. Mallard displays the ongoi ng struggles of what women during the eighteenth century had to go through. Men often had patriarchal values and dictated what type of behavior and traditional roles women had to follow that was deemed acceptable during this time. A patriarchal society is as follows, â€Å" consists of a male-dominated power structure throughout organized society and in individual relationshipsRead More The Awakening and The Yellow Wallpaper2395 Words   |  10 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kate Chopins story The Awakening and Charlotte Perkins Gilmans story The Yellow Wallpaper draw their power from two truths: First, each work stands as a political cry against injustice and at the socio/political genesis of the modern feminist movement. Second, each text is a gatekeeper of a new literary history. Kate Chopin and Charlotte Perkins Gilman seem to initiate a new phase in textual history where literary conventions are revised to serve an ideology representative of theRead MoreThe Awakening : Evaluating The Core Values Of The Nineteenth Century1203 Words   |  5 PagesThe Awakening: Evaluating The Core Values of the Nineteenth Century In Kate Chopin’s novel, The Awakening, the main protagonist Edna Pontellier exists as the embodiment of the feminist ideas that stand as outliers in the midst of the more traditional nineteenth century beliefs. Set in 1899 near the end of this generation, Chopin’s work explores the shared attitudes of most of the novel’s cast as they respond to Edna’s search for independence and freedom, an action that challenges her conservativeRead MoreKate Chopin s The Awakening1875 Words   |  8 Pagessocial, and economic equality to men.† The Awakening, by Kate Chopin, was written in 1890 during the height of the women s suffrage movement, and essentially the public felt that the author â€Å"went too far† due to â€Å"the sensuality† of the protagonist (Toth 1). The â€Å"male gatekeepers† that scrutinized her work saw her piece as a statement that â€Å"the husband is a drag†, and that traditional American values should be forgot ten (Toth 1). In truth, Chopin did not think that American values, such as motherhood

Night Creature Dark Moon Chapter Twenty One Free Essays

â€Å"Let’s regroup.† Nic stepped out of the sheriff’s office and headed for the cabin. The door was unlocked. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Twenty One or any similar topic only for you Order Now A note and the key lay on the kitchen table. Don’t forget to talk to Cora Kopway, I read in what I assumed was Will’s precise scrawl. He’d also drawn a map to her cottage. â€Å"Who’s Cora Kopway?† Nic asked. â€Å"Ojibwe wisewoman.† â€Å"And you’re supposed to talk to her why?† â€Å"Remember that talisman we found in Montana?† Which reminded me†¦ I left the kitchen and ran into the bedroom, retrieved the icon from my sweatpants and returned with it in my hand. Nic sat at the table, scribbling notes onto a notepad he’d produced from Lord knows where. He didn’t even glance up when I entered. â€Å"What about it?† Quickly I related what had happened since the icon came into my possession, as well as Will’s thoughts and the need to talk to Cora. At least he stopped taking notes. â€Å"You’re more powerful?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"And you don’t know why?† â€Å"No.† He stood. â€Å"Let’s go talk to her.† I glanced at the clock. Close to 4 a.m. now. â€Å"Isn’t it a little early for visiting?† â€Å"You said she was old. She’ll be awake.† Since he was already headed through the door, I hurried to catch up. The sun wasn’t even a smoky glow against the eastern sky when Nic parked in front of a small cottage several miles outside of Fairhaven. But the windows were lit, and as we got out of the car, the front door opened. A young, beautiful woman stood on the threshold as if she’d been waiting for us to arrive. Her skin was olive, not the cinnamon shade of Will’s, but her hair was just as dark, flowing to her waist like a waving ebony river. Her eyes, black and heavily lashed, gazed at us curiously, but she didn’t speak, she merely waited. Talk about aging gracefully; Will’s ancient wisewoman didn’t appear a day over twenty-five. â€Å"We’d like to speak with Cora Kopway,† I said. â€Å"My grandmother joined the spirits last week.† Hell. We were SOL when it came to information if Cora was dead. â€Å"I’m sorry to hear that. Will Cadotte said she might be able to help us.† â€Å"The professor!† An expression of pure delight blossomed. â€Å"Grandmother spoke of him often. He didn’t come with you?† â€Å"He was called away.† We stood silent, her on the porch, Nic and I in the yard. â€Å"Well – † I began. â€Å"Would you mind if we took a look at some of your grandmother’s books?† Nic asked. â€Å"Of course not. She’d be happy to help any friend of Professor Cadotte’s.† The woman opened the door wider. When she moved, a sound, like faint jingle bells, ensued. Golden bangles circled her arms; red, blue, and yellow beaded earrings tangled with her hair, their colors a reflection of the calf-length skirt and frilly peasant blouse. I caught a glimpse of an ankle bracelet, as well as several toe rings on her bare feet. â€Å"I’m Lydia.† â€Å"Elise Hanover,† I replied. â€Å"This is Nic Franklin.† She nodded in welcome to us both. The place was lovely, overflowing with Indian paintings and sculptures. Most were of animals: bear, moose, birds, coyotes, and, of course, wolves. One table held dried bones and what appeared to be teeth. Candles of all shapes, sizes, and colors graced the room. Pottery bowls stood on each table; some held powders, some unidentified objects. I smelled fresh-cut grass, sandalwood, and new snow on a crisp winter night. I was reminded of Montana beneath a full moon, and for the first time in a lifetime I missed the place. Bookshelves lined the walls, filled to the ceiling with volumes whose spines reflected every shade of the rainbow. More cluttered the tables and the floor, some rested on furniture the hues of the earth and the sky at sunset: mahogany, sand, azure, burnt orange. â€Å"It’s beautiful,† I breathed. â€Å"Thank you.† Lydia stepped into the room just behind me. â€Å"Grandmother left me the place, and I’m grateful. She’ll be a great loss to the Ojibwe community.† â€Å"Will said she was quite knowledgeable.† â€Å"Very. She was teaching me, but there was so much to learn.† Here was good news. Maybe we weren’t SOL after all. â€Å"We’re interested in information on shamanic totems with mystical power,† I said. â€Å"What kind of power?† â€Å"Shape-shifting.† Her gaze sharpened. â€Å"Into what?† â€Å"Wolf.† â€Å"Weendigo,† she whispered, and one of the candles sputtered, then went out, leaving a trail of smoke behind. â€Å"I always hate it when that happens,† I muttered. Lydia struck a match and relit the wick. The flame held steady and sure. â€Å"What’s a Weendigo?† Nic asked. â€Å"The Great Cannibal,† Lydia answered. â€Å"Ojibwe werewolf.† Nic cleared his throat, turned so Lydia couldn’t see, then pointed at his teeth. I frowned, considering. There’d been a bite mark on the single victim we’d seen. But human teeth, not wolf. No flesh removed. What about the others that no one could find? For all we knew, they could have been sporting bite marks, too, or missing big chunks of skin – kind of hard to tell without the bodies. We had something to think about. I shook my head, indicating we’d keep the information to ourselves for now. We were here to discuss the talisman, not the disappearances. â€Å"Getting back to the totem,† I said. â€Å"A sacrifice would be required to imbue the icon with power.† â€Å"Rabbit,† Nic muttered. â€Å"Unusual choice,† Lydia said. â€Å"But blood is blood. What is the totem made from?† â€Å"Plastic,† Nic blurted, before I could show her the thing. He was right to be cautious. The icon was evidence – of what, we didn’t know. But passing the thing around like a brand-new baby could be a mistake. â€Å"Also unusual,† Lydia continued. â€Å"But Grandmother always said it’s not the vessel that matters but the magic. The power behind the plastic is what counts. A spell, correctly performed by a shaman, could make anything a conduit. However, there aren’t a lot of people left with that kind of power.† â€Å"Could Cora have done it?† Nic asked. Lydia cast a quick glance his way. â€Å"If she wasn’t dead.† Nic dipped his chin in acknowledgment before asking, â€Å"I don’t suppose you know any others of Cora’s stature?† â€Å"No, but I can ask around.† â€Å"I’d appreciate it.† Nic removed a card from his pocket and handed it to Lydia. â€Å"You can reach us at this number.† I glanced at the books. â€Å"Axe there volumes on shamanic transformation?† â€Å"I haven’t seen any, but that doesn’t mean they aren’t there. Help yourself.† â€Å"I’ll take a quick look.† Nic headed for the nearest stack. Silence settled between us. We smiled, glanced away. Now what? I’d never been good at making friends. Becoming a werewolf and being relegated to a compound in Montana hadn’t improved the skill. Crossing to the window, I peered out. The forest came right up to the cottage. Most people would be claustrophobic, but to me the trees were soothing, both refuge and retreat. â€Å"Sorry.† Lydia joined me. â€Å"I’m not very good with people. Comes from spending too much time with just myself and my books.† She thought she was being geeky. Her insecurity called out to my own. â€Å"I have the same problem,† I said. My gaze was caught by a shadow. Something slunk low to the ground. Something furry, with ears and a tail. â€Å"Did you see that?† I asked. â€Å"What?† â€Å"There.† I pointed. â€Å"A wolf.† â€Å"No wolves around here. Probably a coyote.† The shadow had seemed damn big for a coyote, but then, shadows were like that. â€Å"You’ve never seen any wolves?† â€Å"Not since I moved in. Coyotes, though. A lot of them.† And where there were a lot of one, there weren’t any of the other. Wolves would tolerate foxes in their territory, but never coyotes. Another of nature’s little mysteries. â€Å"I’ve heard there are quite a few crows, too,† I observed. â€Å"They usually hang around wolves.† â€Å"I read something about that in a book on Chippewa legends.† Chippewa being the misspelling of Ojibwe by the government on treaties and other official documents. The mistake had made its way into common usage. â€Å"I meant Ojibwe,'† Lydia said quickly. â€Å"The author kept using the term Chippewa legend. I can’t get it out of my mind.† She smacked herself in the forehead with the heel of her hand. A second shadow skirted the cool confines of the forest, distracting me. â€Å"What’s so interesting?† Nic stood behind us. â€Å"Elise thought she saw a wolf.† He stared out the window for several moments. I held my breath. Did I want him to see a wolf, or didn’t I? â€Å"Nothing,† he murmured. â€Å"Must have been a coyote,† Lydia reiterated. Was I jumping at shadows? Probably. In my world, shadows often turned out to be real. â€Å"We should go,† Nic said. â€Å"You didn’t find anything useful in Grandmother’s books?† â€Å"No. But thanks for letting me look.† â€Å"Nice meeting you.† Lydia followed us to the door. â€Å"Come back anytime.† I stepped outside and sniffed, but the wind blew toward the forest – the wrong direction for me to scent anything but grass and trees, a few squirrels. The sun was just peeking over the horizon. Werewolves, for the most part, exist from dusk to dawn. However, the exact minute of dawn is hard to put a finger on without an almanac. â€Å"What’s the matter?† Nic asked as we climbed into the car and drove away. I flipped my finger toward the sky. â€Å"Too close to sunrise to have been anything but coyotes. Or real wolves.† â€Å"Okay.† Nic shrugged. â€Å"Then again, maybe not.† â€Å"Because?† â€Å"The Weendigo shifted anytime he wanted to, into any shape he saw fit. Luckily, he’s dead.† Thanks to Damien and Leigh. â€Å"There can’t be another one?† A cheery thought, however – â€Å"No. Or at least not right now. A Weendigo is made between the harvest and the hunter’s moon.† â€Å"Which means nothing to me,† Nic pointed out. â€Å"Harvest moon is in September, hunter’s October. Since it’s November we’re headed for the beaver or the frost moon.† â€Å"Where do you get this stuff?† â€Å"From books. The Indians coined names for each full moon. In November, the swamps freeze and the beavers wander. The People would set traps and make winter blankets of the heavy pelts.† â€Å"A kind of calendar – a way to mark time by the moon.† â€Å"Right. But I don’t remember reading anything about the beaver moon and disappearing bodies. I’ll have to talk to Will.† I held out my hand. â€Å"Cell phone?† â€Å"That’s a for-sure thing? The moon influencing – â€Å" â€Å"Werewolves?† I interrupted. â€Å"Oh, yeah.† â€Å"Okay.† He gave me his phone. â€Å"So no Weendigo. But that bite mark on the body bugs me.† â€Å"Me, too. I think we should talk to the medical examiner.† Nic’s fingers tightened on the steering wheel. â€Å"Me, too.† How to cite Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Twenty One, Essay examples

Frederick Froebel free essay sample

Friedrich Froebel was a German educator of the nineteenth century who developed an Idealist philosophy of early childhood education. He established kindergarten and education for four and five-year-old children. Kindergarten is now a part of education worldwide. Friedrich Froebel was born in the small town of Oberwiessbach, Germany in 1782. His mother died when he was nine months old. His father remarried, but Froebel never liked his stepmother and he led an unhappy life with his father and her. His feeling of rejection and isolation remained with him for life.This had a strong effect on his theory of early childhood education. He believed the kindergarten teacher should be loving, kind and motherly. He wanted his kindergarten to offer a sense of emotional security and self-esteem in children. At the age of ten, Froebel went to live with his uncle. As a young child, Froebel spent a lot of time playing in the garden around his home. We will write a custom essay sample on Frederick Froebel or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This led to his love of nature and had a profound effect on his educational philosophy. He briefly attended the University of Jena from 1800-1802.Then he studied architecture at Frankfurt University. Although he ended his studies without receiving a degree, Froebel gained a sense of artistic perspective and symmetry he later used to design his kindergarten â€Å"gifts† and â€Å"occupations. † While in Frankfurt Froebel was hired as a teacher at the Frankfurt Model School, which was a Pestalozzian school. He studied the Pestalozzi method of instruction which emphasized using objects to teach. His method rejected the use of corporal punishment and emphasized respecting the dignity of children.Froebel returned to Germany where in 1837 he established a new type of Early childhood school, a child’s garden, or as we now know it â€Å"Kindergarden†. This school was for 3 and 4 year olds and incorporated songs, play, stories and activities. It was an educational environment in which children through their own self-activity could develop in the right direction. This meant that in a child’s development they would follow the â€Å"divinely established laws of human growth† through their own activities. During this time Froebel’s reputation increased and kindergardens were established throughout Germany.Froebel â€Å"asserting that each child at birth has an internal spiritual essence–a life force–that seeks to be externalized through self-activity. He stated child development follows the doctrine of preformation, â€Å"the unfolding of that which was present latently in the individual. † The kindergarten is a special educational environment in which this self-active development occurs. The kindergartens gifts, occupations, and social and cultural activities, especially play, promote this self-actualization.Froebel was convinced that the kindergartens primary focus should be on play–the process by which he believed children expressed their innermost thoughts, needs, and desires. Froebels emphasis on play conflicted with the traditional view held during the nineteenth century that play, â€Å"a form of idleness and disorder, was an unworthy eleme nt of human life. † Froebel believed that play facilitated â€Å"childrens process of cultural recapitulation, imitation of adult vocational activities, and socialization. He believed the human race, in its collective history, had gone through major times of cultural development that added to and refined its culture. According to Froebels theory of cultural recapitulation, â€Å"each individual human being repeated the general cultural epoch in his or her own development. The occupations were items like paper, pencils, woods, sand, clay, straw, and sticks all used in different constructive activities. German immigrants introduced Kindergarten in the United States. Elizabeth Palmer Peabody established a Kindergarten in Boston and she translated several of Froebel’s books into English. She organized the Froebel Union and established an institute to train Kindergarten teachers.

The Lotteria Essay Example

The Lotteria Essay The objective of this research is to compare which country is mostly suitable to have subsidiary company of Lotteria between Brazil and Russia. 1. 2 1. 2. 1Lotteria is a Korean chain of fast-food restaurants, branches in East Asia. This is a subsidiary company of Lotte. 1. 2. 2The Lotteria is the best hamburger company of Korea. In competition with huge fast-food restaurant companies such as McDonald’s and Burgerking, Lotteria showed tight competitions. In East Asia regions, Lotteria had stable market power in fast-food business.With the unique quality and characteristic of Korea culture, Lotteria will have sufficient strengths against competitors in the world market. 1. 3 1. 3. 1 Appendices 1. 3. 2 Appendices 1. 3. 3I am a paternalistic type of leadership styles. I prefer to make decision making by myself while caring about the employees by myself. To role the company, there must be a leader to push the team to achieve goals then naturally employees do their own works without being pushed by the leader. 1. I expect managing Lotteria in Brazil will make lots of profits and make the Lotteria as one of the largest company in the world. 2. 0 Methods 2. 1During the research, I was able to gather the information by using recommended sites from the instructor and searching through Google. Also I had interview with the worker of Lotteria, to get realistic collected data. To find Unilever’s business model in each country, I have searched the reports of existing facts and examples that really happened. . 2Mainly my research is classified into 3 steps. Firstly, to collect the data of Brazil and Russia, I searched in the Internet sites that were recommended. In addition to support more data, I used Google to search more data about cultures, consumer profiles, business etiquette, market environment, and the needs to achieve good cross cultural management. Next, I interviewed the worker at foreign investment department of Lotteria to collect realistic data and management of originals.For the last, to find how Unilever have done business in Brazil and Russia, I have searched through articles, reports, and analysis of real facts that happened in the past. 3. 0 Findings 3. 1To manage the subsidiary market of Lotteria in foreign country, the advantages of Lotteria have is not important as much as the cultures that affect the business of Brazil and Russia. The common cultural influences of two countries are that they have hierarchical systems in business. The decision should be made by the upper class workers.In Brazil, the consumers are loyal to brands, so it is hard for foreign company to enter the market in Brazil. However, the unique cultural facts that Brazil has is that their economy is dual structure which means the polarization. This makes difference consumer types of Brazilian, the upper classes considers quality more than the lower and they try to attached to the foreign company to distinguish them with other classes. On the other h and, the lower classes consider mostly about the price still the majority of Brazilian spend their income at food which is about 16. % which is the second largest portion next to the house. Compare to the Brazil, Russia consumer structure and characteristics are different, as in Russia there are middle classes generating 80% of demands. Russian consumers also care the brands and the quality as importantly, but not as the Brazilian they do not be attracted by price, they are indifferent about it. As most of Russians spend 80% of their income, they are very impulsive. 3. 2When the Unilever started their business in Brazil 4. 0 Discussion

FAMOUS ALL OVER TOWN essays

FAMOUS ALL OVER TOWN essays Immigrant experience in the United States has not been very positive. Assimilation was a major issue with the minorities when they moved to the US in search of better economic conditions. The whites normally did not accept or embrace the newcomers who were mostly colored and spoke a different language. To the immigrants, this was indeed a very harsh situation since on the one hand they needed to assimilate with the locals and on the other; they were shunned by Americans for various reasons. Immigrants have thus faced more than their fair share of troubles upon coming to the land of opportunities yet some managed to overcome them and gave us those enviable rags to riches stories but there were still a large majority that remained stuck in its poverty ridden neighborhoods and turned to the world of crime and drugs to gain some sort of control in the strange Besides the general public, immigrants found the entire political, economic, social and judicial system oppressive. They were not treated with respect anywhere and mostly people used them for their own purposes. For example, politicians spoke for the rights of minorities only to win more voters and the moment they came to power, they abandoned the poor souls. Similarly the judiciary was usually biased, favoring white and American over colored and foreigner. For immigrants, it was a lose-lose situation and their skin colors; lack of skills and education, language barriers all played an important role in giving rise to such circumstances. On top of that, immigrants did not have the economic means to attain quality education that could at least open the doors of opportunities for younger generation. In their extreme desperation and frustration, the youth turned to the world of crime and drugs. This was the gist of immigrant experience in the United States and this is what Famous All over Town (1983) is all The book by Danny Santiago, Fa...

A gift called “Wife”

6). Is there a word in English that adequately describes – such a paragon of virtues in the form of a beautiful, female, human-being, playing the role of a wife? If there is one, then few women indeed, would qualify to be described thus. Blessed indeed is the man, who is bestowed with such a woman, capable of enriching his entire life, filling it hope, happiness and healthy attitude. Personally, I must say, that I, am one of those lucky husbands who has been graced thus.   My wife is my savior, guide and friend; she is my albatross, averting the turbulent disasters that threaten to drown me in the ocean of my troubles, and guiding me to the shores of safety; very much like the woman praised by the Orientals. Ever since I met her, I have been drawn to her like a magnet. A young, beautiful woman, with a gorgeous body, lovely soft eyes and sensual lips, that make heads turn round instantly. Eligible suitors sought her, as do butterflies circle an attractive flower. Her eyes shone like stars, and her heart was filled with dreams – dreams of making it big, in the Hollywood. She has a sweet demeanor that hides the tensile nature of the resolute strength of her character and, little did I realize this invaluable asset at the time of our marriage. Nevertheless, I felt elated when she reciprocated my love and we walked down the Alter, as man and wife. But, I was to discover that, more than beauty, there were other things that contributed to her attractive personality. The adept professionalism in her single-handed management and smooth execution of our wedding plans to the last detail, unfolded a new aspect of her strength, to me. Our wedding day also revealed to me, the adamant streak in her. I remember, when all was ready and, I was about to enter the premises, she bid me on her mobile-phone, to fetch a particular candle she wanted lit on this special occasion. Unable to refuse the plea in her voice, I turned and started back. I remember, it was a chill, winter day, and a gust of cold wind pierced my face sharply, while searching for her car and groping with the keys. Sweat broke out on my forehead and my breath became heavy, as it was getting late, and I still couldn’t find candle in the place where she had supposed it to be; neither my words of counsel nor the advice of her bridesmaids (which got carried through on the mobile quite clearly), to proceed with the ceremonies without the candle, had little effect on her. It rather made her more stubborn, to have the candle fetched and lit, and she pined that none of us understood the deep significance of her actions. Whew! How I heaved a sigh of relief, when I finally found it. Thankfully, I dabbed away the sweat on my forehead with my handkerchief, and straightened my jacket, now that all was well. Later, I took ill and was down in bed requiring extra attention and care. There she was, by my side, with a soothing smile on her lips and a warm grasp on my wrist, feeling my pulse, monitoring my temperature, administering the drugs advised by the doctor, reassuring me all the time with kind words, that all shall be well. My heart was touched and eyes filled with unshed tears, when she made it to the doctor’s appointment, traveling across half the city – through peak traffic, despite her heavy schedule, to apprise the doctor regarding the status of my health and explore the options of my speedy recovery. The very same adamant streak came to the fore here in albeit in a very agreeable manner; with tenacity she clutched on to hope, never giving up, and adamantly pushed away pessimistic thoughts. Her son depends on this unique trait of hers, to prop him up during the defeating bouts of his mental-illness, and to keep him going. However, we her close kin and kith are not the only recipients of her kindness. She is surely a tower of strength, to many a friend and I personally know of few instances in which she has pulled some friends back from the brink of ruin. Now, am I not right in feeling that I have been graciously granted a rare and â€Å"auspicious† present in the form of a tenacious life-partner? Bibliography Garuda Purana, 1.64.6 –   Tr. J.L. Shastri/A board of scholars, Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology 12-14, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi 1982. (extracts with notes in [] by JanM, 1997). Retrieved on 24th May, 2006, from website address: http://www.veda.harekrsna.cz/encyclopedia/garuda-purana.htm

In The Cask of Amontillado Edgar Allen Poe uses symbolism, humor, and Essay

In The Cask of Amontillado Edgar Allen Poe uses symbolism, humor, and irony to develop his theme of how Fortunato's foolishness costed him his life - Essay Example Though originally used as a mere instrument by which the story could take off, it takes on a life of its own as it symbolizes the perceived wealth and success in life of its owner. It is a symbol that Fortunato refuses to believes exists but then with his curiosity getting the better of him, he embarks down a path which symbolized his ultimate doom. A more important perhaps to the story is the way that Fortunato is dressed as a court jester during the carnival. As everyone knows, a court jester is someone who is the life of the court. He makes people laugh by making fun of other people. This costume symbolizes the very personality of Fortunato, which is the happy-go-lucky type of person who unfortunately, tends to say or do things that he may not realize slights those around him as what happened unknowingly between him and Montresor. The story also makes good use of humor in the statement â€Å"Luchresi doesnt know Amontillado from a Sherry". It would seem that as far as the social circle that Fortunato and Montresor move in, Luchresi fancies himself a wine conneseiur although his actions betray him as a pretender. Hence the laughter and comedic intonation in the dialogue between the friends. However funny the statement is though, it is still considered by Montresor to be an additional slight upon his person since he believes Luchresi to be a man knowledgable about wines and sherrys. Finally, we come to an analysis of the names and settings used by Poe in the story. I would like to begin with the discussion regarding his choice of the name Fortunato for his doomed character. It is truly ironic that the name Fortunato actually means a man blessed with good fortune in life. Fortunato met the exact opposite during his lifetime. Fortunato has only the worst of luck as he died a horrifying and secret death at the hands of the man he considered a trustworthy friend, Montresor. Then we have the irony of the two settings used for the story, the carnival masquerade

Interview Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interview - Research Paper Example He is now staying with his daughter Mary Slater in the same city. It seems that he is of 90 years now. I got acquitted with him by one of my friends, Alex. Actually Mr. Anderson is a relative of Alex. Last month I had visited the aunt of Alex, Mary Slater and from there I got acquainted with Anderson who talked a lot about his period when he was a boy. He was very friendly with me and so when I thought of such an assignment I had no other choice, but Anderson. I went to his house and I showed the list of choice of assignments on which he would have to talk a little of his experience. He chose the topic ‘silent motion picture’ that he had seen when he was a boy. Actually his father was a dramatist and who had acted in many plays. Anderson too had deep interest towards the making of films. He had seen the film ‘The Kid’ by the greatest comedian of all ages, Charlie Chaplin. Anderson was much excited to speak on the first film that he had seen in his life. He navigated me through the film: the comedies and at the same time the pathos associated with it. How the child in the film happened to be parentless and how the Tramp (Charlie Chaplin) tried his level best to return the baby to its mother. This aroused much laughter among the audience. As he failed in this attempt he had taken the pain of looking after the baby. Their attempts to earn a living by breaking windows and mending the same made the audience roared wit h laughter. He remembers that people laughing together at the farce of the characters created a sense of unity. For ‘little Anderson’ the play of the Tramp and the Kid seemed to be real and he associated it with his father. He remembered that situation of the period was also the same as in the film. The poor had to struggle a lot to earn their livelihood, and he was familiar with the Tramps in his surroundings. Mr. Anderson admitted that he had seen the same film in a second time in the Chaplin’s festival at New York City. And this time

Urdu and Free

Urdu and Free Encyclopedia Page Essay Premchands parents died young his mother when he was seven and his father while he was fourteen and still a student. Premchand was left responsible for his stepmother and step-siblings. Early in life, Premchand faced immense poverty. He earned five rupees a month tutoring a lawyers child. He was married at the early age of fifteen but that marriage failed, later he married again, to Shivrani Devi, a balavidhava (child widow), and had several children. She supported him through life struggles. Premchand passed his matriculation (//simple. wiktionary. rg/wiki/matriculation) exam with great effort in 1898, and in 1899 he took up school-teaching job, with a monthly salary of eighteen rupees. In 1919 he passed his B. A. Page 2 of 4 When asked why he does not write anything about himself, he answered: What greatness do I have that I have to tell anyone about? I live just like millions of people in this country; I am ordinary. My life is also ordinary. I am a poor school teacher suffering family travails. During my whole lifetime, I have been grinding away with the hope that I could become free of my sufferings. But I have not been able to free myself from suffering. What is so special about this life that needs to be told to anybody? . During his last years,he became terribly ill. The money his wife used to give for his treatment was used in running his press The Saraswati. He was also writing a book Mangalsutra which would never be completed. All this had serious impact on his health leading to his early death on 8th October 1936, at the age of 56. [1] Writing style The main characteristic of Premchands writings is his interesting story-telling and use of simple language. His novels describe the problems of the rural peasant classes. He avoided the use of highly Sanskritized Hindi (as was the common practice among Hindi writers), and also Spanish language Literary works Premchand has written about 300 short stories, several novels as well as many essays and letters. He has also written some plays. He also did some translations. Many of Premchands stories have been translated into English and Russian. Godaan (The Gift of a Cow), his last novel, is considered the finest Hindi novel of all times. [2] The hero, Hori, a poor peasant, desperately longs for a cow, a symbol of wealth and prestige in rural India. Hori gets a cow but pays with his life for it. After his death, the village priests demand a cow from his widow to bring his soul to peace.

Statue of the Blessed Virgin :: Religion Prayers Irish Papers

Statue of the Blessed Virgin One of the best-kept secrets of Irish culture is the moving statues phenomenon that erupted in the mid-eighties all over the republic of Ireland. In August 1985, there were reports from the small town of Mountcollins that a statue of the Blessed Virgin had been seen to move. In the following months there were reports of the same phenomenon coming from small rural areas all over the country. Many people traveled to county Limerick to view the statue at Garryowen, following reports that some people had seen blood coming from one of the hands of Our Lady. The Rosary was recited several times each night as hundreds converged on the shrine. I myself went to once such gathering late at night at Mountcollins to see what was going on. The crowd chanted the Rosary over and over with their eyes glued to the statue of the Virgin Mary that was standing up in an alcove of a fake grotto similar to hundreds all over Ireland. It was dark and the statue had a spotlight on it. Behind the faithful, the re was a wood with the main road beyond. The Rosary recitals gradually gave way to "Mother of God, pray for us" that quickly became a rather feverish chanting of "Pray for us, pray for us, PRAY FOR US"! that got faster and more desperate as time pasted. Scenes like this sprang up nationwide with new sightings everyday. Everyone was talking about it at the pub, church or school and the media fanned the flames even more with daily coverage. Each person you spoke to who believed it was a true miracle, claimed a unique experience of the phenomena. Some said they saw the statue's hand move a bit or that a tear feel from her eye or most commonly the apparition of Christ's face upon the statue of Mary's face. The most skeptical about the whole rumpus was actually the clergy who found themselves dealing with a religious happening that was not within their control with impromptu prayer gatherings springing up everywhere. Their calls for caution in the media were generally disregarded by the members of the public caught up in the excitement. Some of this excitement began to turn a bit sour when rumors began to circulate that these miracles were actually dire omens of a coming apocalypse. It was reported in the papers that some woman claimed t o have had a vision that this was the beginning of a series of pre-apocalyptic portents that heralded the end of everything.

Leader Styles Essay

Style Kimberly Burrow HCS 457 May 20, 2013 Dalynn Campbell Leadership Style This essay is on the different leadership style from a historical person of my choosing. The successful management styles of this person also the leadership styles. The score of my Leadership and Team Self-Management Assessment the class was asked to perform. The leadership styles and traits of my historical person. The traits that I can learn from my historical person and the traits and styles my historical person can learn from me. Historical person Leonard D. Schaeffer was a successful leader in Blue Cross of California. He was the president and CEO who helped orchestrate the transition into Wellpoint, which is the second largest publicly traded health care company in the United States. By 2004, Schaeffer built Wellpoint into a 19 billion dollar operation. Schaeffer oversaw the merger with Anthem Health Care. Schaeffer brought a wealth of public policy and experience and government knowledge to the board as senior adviser to Texas Pacific Group (TPG). He served as an Administrator of the United States Health Care Financing Administration, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (Harvard Business School, n. d. ). Successful management style The management theory Schaeffer uses in 1986 when he was recruited for president and CEO at Blue Cross of California. Schaeffer was the visionary of making the company the 40 million dollars that he was informed the company should make that year he became president and CEO. He fired 3,000 employees, the CFO, and sold everything that was not nailed down. Schaeffer tarted HMOs in Blue Cross of California, his theory was, â€Å"if you look at Americans, they don’t know much about health policy, but they know a lot about the rights and privileges of consumers† (A conversation with Leonard Schaeffer p. 27). He went public with WellPoint, sold 20% to the public. That gave the company capital, acquisition capital, and stock. The company began to diversify risk, economic regions, differ ent regulators, and different opportunities. This style of management is in the influence of culture. Schaeffer stated † You need different management techniques at different times. If you look back on the history of our company, the first stage is the turnaround. You need top-down, autocratic, â€Å"Here’s what you are going to do. † â€Å"Why? † â€Å"Because I told you to do it. † Top-down, directed, tell people what to do. You don’t have to be right, you just have to keep moving (A conversation with Leonard Schaeffer p. 27). Successful leadership style The leadership theory Schaeffer used was the democratic leadership. With the motivation with internal drives and impulses. He made decisions, set goals, worked toward achievement, and informed task to be done. The autocratic leadership Schaeffer used had little trust in employees and systematically exclude them from decision making. His leadership behavior helped the organization achieve its objective. When individuals gets to the point he or she realizes they can not run a company alone that is participative management. They bring people in that add and create value. Autocratic style is occurs when leaders have meetings and members suggest things and the leader takes the best suggestions and uses it without members voting. Leaders should shifts from internal concerns to external concerns to ensure the company is running well and is providing consumers with the companies product. With external concerns the leaders should give up the day-to-day control. They may impact and control the company but they can not control the external environment (Schaeffer). The score of my Leadership and Team Self-Management Assessment My score for the leadership and team self-management assessment was 50. The score total explains that I have excellent team leadership skills. Leading a team, management needs to bring together diverse talent, define goals, arrange efforts, and manage the relationships between team members (McBride, 2012). The team leader with skills in authority to set directions, democratic leadership if the team is successful, and the ability to re-establish team relationships if there is an issue. A good leader can find the teams strengths and outline the purpose of the team. Each member is unique in his or her own way rather it is their age, race, their motivation, or his or her ethnicity that brings diversity to the team. A manager should listen to the members of a team and offer their thoughts to lead a positive discussion. Keeping up-to-date with training will help leaders or manager with teams on the projects of his or her organization. Leonard Schaeffer leadership styles and traits In Schaeffer’s early career his leadership style was â€Å"Autocratic Leadership. † He realized that autocracy is the most painful, least enjoyable, and has its place if in a turnaround situation (Schaeffer, 2002). After his autocratic leadership in turning around the company, he realized he had to change his leadership style. The company began to focus on creating innovative products and excellent customer service, along with any decision instead of no decision. His role to ensure the organizations long-term success when the company changed so he had to change. Schaeffer changed from autocratic leadership to participative leadership style. The participative leadership style at the company they set four or five clear goals for the team to meet and gave them free rein to meet those goal as long as they stayed on budget. He laid out specific strategies for each goal. Managers had to take responsibility for meeting these goals. Researcher Rinsis Likert from the University of Michigan explanation what â€Å"Participative Leadership Style† is, â€Å"requires that the CEO receive suf? cient information from employees to make important strategic decisions but that he or she leave the implementation of strategy up to the line managers† (as stated in the Leadership Journey). Schaeffer changed his style of leadership when the company could deliver on its promises to customers and investors. Schoeffer’s style changed to â€Å"The Reformer† that demonstrates what is possible. He has several meeting with people outside the company to discuss health care practices, policies, and government representatives. As reformer he is the point person for tough questions. During his leadership journey Schoeffer has created concrete goals, and has wore different leadership caps that alter the way he assess a business situation. Even though past leadership styles worked each new situation is different. He has learned to pay attention to the teams dedicated to fulfill the goals. The traits from Leonard Schaeffer I can learn Throughout the years Schaeffer has developed different traits on leadership and learned from the traits and advanced to better trait. The traits that I can learn from is the participative leadership style. The participative style is to set several goals and let the team work on the project as he or she wishes. The traits Leonard Schaeffer can learn from me I know that with each situation there is a different leadership style that can be used to completer the project. The traits that Schaeffer can learn from my leadership is empathy for those who work report to him. When leaders treat employees with empathy the team there tend to be a better influential in getting the team to take initiative. If there is bad behavior in the team a good leader knows how to guide the team. This essay is on the different leadership style that Leonard Schaeffer used throughout his career. He started with a company that was on the verge of bankrupt and turned the company around. Schaeffer management style was democratic in the beginning and at the end his style was autocratic of his career at Blue Cross of California. My score on the Leadership and Team Self-Management Assessment was a 50, which is an excellent team leadership skills. The skill of diversity in leading a team is good behavior skill. Schaeffers leadership style and traits started with autocratic leadership changed to participative leadership style and ended with Schaeffer’s style as the reformer. The trait I can learn from Schaeffer is participative style, and the style Schaeffer can learn from me is empathy. References Harvard Business School. (n. d. ). Great American Business Leaders Of The Twentieth Century. Retrieved from http://www. bs. edu/leadership/database/leaders/leonard_d_schaeffer. html McBride, S. (2012). Team Leadership Skills. Retrieved from http://www. themanagersguide. co. uk/team-leadership-skills. html Porter-O’Grady, T. ; Malloch, K. (2007). Managing for success in health care. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby, Elsevier. Shortell, D. S. (n. d. ). A Conversation with Leonard Schaeffer. Retrieved from http://s ph. berkeley. edu/pubs/magazine/mag_sp06/pdf/schaeffer. pdf Sullivan, E. J. ; Decker, P. J. (2009). Effective leadership and management in nursing. (7th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Compensation system by zobaer

These HARM practices include human resource planning, recruitment and selection, induction, raining, performance appraisal, employee development, compensation plan, etc. This discussion has provided the opportunity to analyze the HARM practices of a business organization and to find out the facts which are creating barriers to effective HARM. – 90- Introduction Human Resource Management (HARM) Is a relatively new concept In Bangladesh. It was few years ago that this was considered as a part of the administrative functions of an organization.There was no individual identity for HARM. But as time passed people recognized the importance of HARM in organizations. They realized that HARM is to just to hire people. Apart form hiring, HARM has lots of functions which help an organization to gain competitive advantage (Islam, 2006). Effective HARM practices support business goals and objectives. That is why effective HARM practices are strategic. It can improve the performance of an o rganization by improving customer satisfaction, innovation and productivity.So from HER planning, recruitment and selection to training, performance appraisal, compensation, all practices of HARM are now considered as equally Important as any other aspects of the organization such as marketing, financing, etc. Literature Review Human resource management (HARM) is both an academic theory and a business practice that addresses the theoretical and practical techniques of managing a workforce. Synonyms include personnel administration, personnel management, manpower management, and industrial management (http en. Wisped. Erg). According to Non, Hollowness, Gerhard and Wright (2006), human resource management refers to the policies, practices and systems that influence employees' behavior, attitudes, and performance. They also say that many companies refer to HARM as involving ‘people practices'. HARM is the organizational function that deals tit issues related to people such as co mpensation, hiring, performance management, organization development, safety, wellness, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration, and training (Hatfield, 2006).According to Walked, a web based encyclopedia, HARM serves five key functions: 1) Hilling, 2) Compensation, 3) Evaluation and Management (of Performance), 4) Promotions, and 5) Management, Volvo. 10, No's. 3&4: Volvo. 11, No's. 1 & 2- 91 – of activities, and key among them is deciding what staffing needs the organization has and whether to use independent contractors or hire employees to fill these deeds, recruiting and training the best employees, ensuring they are high performers, dealing with performance issues, and ensuring that the personnel and management practices conform to various regulations.Activities also include managing the organization's approach to employee benefits and compensation, employee records and personnel policies (Manager, 2006). According to Winning, what necessary in an H ER Department are the functions and responsibilities which none else either wants or is capable of doing. From recruiting to orienting new employees, from writing Job descriptions to tracking attendance, and from instituting ND monitoring policies to monitoring benefits, there has been a need for an HER generalist to assist senior management in both establishing a structure to hold down costs of administration (Winning, 2005).The ultimate aim of HARM is to ensure that at all times the business is correctly staffed by the right number of people with the skills relevant to the business needs (Islam, 2006). Thus HARM is meant to unlock the talent, experience, wisdom and common sense of many within the organization by making work simpler, quicker, rewarding, safer and fun (http://www. Cell-team. Com). Research Methodology This research article is case study-based. Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd (SSP) does have a separate Human Resource Department.The major part of this case study is based o n face-to-face interviews with managers and executives, using a questionnaire. , which consists of view and opinions of those particular people, which might raise the question of bias. In some cases some of them were not able to provide concrete facts or fugues. In this case some assumptions had to be made. Interviewing the managers and executives of SSP has provided the primary sources of information. Furthermore, company brochures, documents, and the company website were the secondary sources of data. No survey method has been used in this regard.Finally, due to time constraints it was not possible to conduct extensive interviews and surveys which could make the research paper more informative. A case study is the fact' of any particular issues, the contents of which require an in-depth focus of the social sciences area to Human Resource Management Practices -92- understand its phenomenon on the basis of it being an individual problem (Leeds, 1997). One of the essential characteri stics of using the case study approach is that it focuses on ‘one instance of the thing that is to be investigated' (Denseness, 1998).The advantage of the case study over other methods is that it attempts to be comprehensive, and involves the researcher in describing and analyzing the full notes, ‘one of the advantages cited for case study research is its uniqueness, its capacity for understanding complexity in particular contexts'. Apart from generalization, other criticisms can be that the case study method is a less rigorous form of inquiry, based on the accumulation of information and there is a lack of discipline in what Smith (1991) described as the logically weakest method of knowing.Mitchell (1999) states that the basic problem in the use of case material is theoretical that case studies prove valuable in situations where existing knowledge is limited, often providing in-depth contextual information, which may result in a superior level of understanding. Furtherm ore, case studies prove advantageous when the focus of the study is not typicality but the unusual, unexpected, covert or illicit (Hartley, 1994).The objective of this study is achieved through one single case study which provides both depth and reliability (see, for example, Harris and Gabon, 1998; Marching and Harrison, 1991; Sturdy, 1992). This case study is selected for a number of reasons, data accessibility, establishment organization, size and contribution in the sector and so on. It is said that a single case study is not enough for research. However, a single case study can give a lot of depth in the research area (see, for example, Dollar and Quaked, 2005.Mullahs et al. , 2002). Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd – Company Overview In Bangladesh, Square today symbolizes a name – a state of mind. But its Journey to growth and prosperity has been no bed of roses. From the inception in 1958, it has today burgeoned into one of the top line conglomerates in Bangladesh. SS P is the largest pharmaceutical company in Bangladesh and it has been continuously in the first position among all national and multinational Sir Lankan Journal of Management, Volvo. 10, 3&4: Volvo. 11, NO'S. 1 & 2-93- companies since 1985.SSP is the manufacturer and marketer of finished pharmaceutical products, basic chemicals and agro vet products. Its products are manufactured in the form of tablets, capsules, suppositories, injections, liquids, drops, ointment, cream and powder, oral dry powder, inhalers and meter dose inhalers. SSP was converted into a public limited company in 1991. Currently the ales turnover of SSP is more than Take 622 core with 16. 23 percent market share having a growth rate of about 14. 91 percent. Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Ousted 11 percent growth in pharmaceutical formulation in 2004 and the company also introduced 43 new products during the period (December 25, The Daily Star- 2004). SSP has extended her range of services towards the highway of the global market. She pioneered exports of medicines from Bangladesh in 1987 and has been exporting antibiotics and other pharmaceutical products. This extension in business and services has manifested the credibility of SSP. SSP strives, above all, for top quality health care products at the least cost reaching the lowest rungs of the economic class of people in the country.They value their social obligations. They owe a responsibility to their shareholders and strive for protection of their capital as well as ensure the highest return and growth of their assets (http:// www. Squarer's. Com. Bad). According to SSP, their vision, mission and objectives are: Vision: [Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd] view business as a means to the material and social well being of the investors, employees and society at large, leading to accretion f wealth through financial and moral gains as a part of the process of human civilization.Mission: [Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd] mission is to produce and provide q uality and innovative healthcare relief for people, maintain stringently ethical standards in business operation and also ensuring benefit to the shareholders, stakeholders and Objectives: [Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd] objectives are to conduct transparent business operations based on the market mechanism within the legal and social framework with aims to attain the mission reflected by [their] vision. (http / www. Squarer's. Com. Bad). Human Resource Management Practices Supply Chain Department of Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd.Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd consists of several individual departments such as accounting & finance, marketing, sales, administration, human resource, supply chain, etc. All these departments are linked with one or more departments within the organization. For this research paper we have concentrated on the supply chain department of SSP. Throughout the research paper we will describe the HER activities related to this department and try to identify the problems a nd provide some recommendations to reduce or eliminate the problems. The supply chain department f SSP mainly works as the procurement department.It purchases all the needed raw materials, machinery and equipment, things needed for official work, food, vehicles needed for staff and management, etc. Thus all the purchasing actually takes place through the supply chain department. It is known as the supply chain department as it also maintains the suppliers outside of the organization on behalf of the organization. All the departments of the organization that need their necessary things send a requisition to the supply chain department with the consent of the department head. Then the supply chain department obtains the consent of theExecutive Director, Administration (DEAD) and contacts with different suppliers. It collects the quotations from the different-suppliers and decides from which supplier it will purchase the goods. The supply chain department not only deals with the local suppliers but also with the foreign suppliers (The structure of the supply chain department of SSP is given in the appendix). Key Themes While finding different human resource activities related to the supply chain department we have found that SSP does not have any specific human recapitulating program for the supply chain department.It does not follow any aroma labor demand forecasting and still did not take any initiative to determine the labor supply properly. So it still cannot measure whether there are more or less employees than what it actually needs. Sir Lankan Journal of Management, Volvo. 10, No's. 3 & 4: Volvo. 11, No's. 1 & 2 – 95 – While going through the recruitment and selection process we found that after the vacancy circulation lots of people submit their C.v.. So it is very difficult to sort these large numbers of C.v. and identify the person who can compete in the further steps of selection to fulfill the Job requirement.In the selection process the candidates only o through the written exam and interviews. The company does not provide any Job related problems for the candidates to solve. Thus it becomes very difficult to understand whether the candidates will be able to handle the Job-oriented problems in reality. While providing the Job description to the new employee the supply chain contact the HER department to make them know about these changes. Thus the HER department cannot know properly what a new employee is actually doing in the company and what his responsibilities are. SSP sometimes provides on the Job training and off the Job training.It has the capability to enhance the knowledge level f the employees to improve the skills and abilities of the employees. In the supply chain department of SSP there are no specific employee development processes. The employees are given promotions on the basis of their performance at the end of the year. But there is no practice of Job enlargement or enrichment or any other career development plan. The employees learn about the Job from the training program and sometimes learn from the mentoring of their boss. Thus the employees do not have any opportunity to develop their career through diversification.The employees of the supply chain department are evaluated only by self and the previous for performance appraisal. But the employees are not evaluated by other parties such as the suppliers, peers, etc. Even the feedback is not always provided to the employees properly. So it seems to us that the appraisal system is not consistent with the industry as now there are more strategic focused performance appraisal systems in practice. There are no specific reward systems for the employees' recognition except the promotions. They do not get any bonus or increment based on their performance.The whole compensation system for the employees of this department is quite sound though there is no Human Resource Management Practices regular practice of a specific non-monet ary compensation system such as recognition, praise, etc. To encourage the employees. The employee information system is not well organized. For some aspects of record maintenance an employee database is used and some other information of the employees is recorded manually by the file system. So sometimes there may be redundancy in data storing which is not cost effective for the company.Human Resource Planning The human resource planning process starts with a forecast of the people needed for the company and consists of goal setting and strategic planning and program implementation and evaluation (Non et al. , 2006). In the following part of the report we will discuss human resource planning in SSP in the context of its supply chain department. Human Resource Plan and Forecasting The human resource plan for the supply chain department is the same as that for all the other departments of SSP. The HER department prepares the plan at the end of the year.It collects the information fro m all the departments of the company about how many people they will need in the next year. The entire department's heads send the requisition with detailed information about what kind of person they need or their departments. Thus forecasting of future employees for the supply chain department is made in this way. Then human resource department takes the initiative for recruitment of those people, which we will discuss in the next segment of recruitment and selection. If the department needs more people at any time of the resource department.Except this forecasting part, SSP does not have any formal strategic planning. They did not faced any labor surplus problem so far. So they did not need to plan for reducing the labor surplus by downsizing, early retirement or any other techniques of laying off people (Personal communication, 2006). Sir Lankan Journal of Management, Volvo. 10, No's. 3 & 4: Volvo. 11, No's. 1 & 2- 97- Recruitment and Selection Human resource recruitment is the p ractice or activity carried out by the organization with the primary purpose of identifying and attracting potential employees.Selection is the process by which companies decide who will or will not be allowed into organizations (Non et al. , 2006). Thus recruitment is the process of getting a pool of candidates for the organization who can meet the requirements of a specific Job. After that selecting a person from those candidates is one of the toughest Jobs for an organization. In today's competitive business world it is very difficult to survive without potential manpower. Successful recruitment and selection can be expensive and time-consuming.But unsuccessful recruitment and selection can be a cause of the death of a business. SSP is one of the biggest employers in Bangladesh. Here we will discuss the recruitment policies and process for the supply chain department of SSP. Recruitment Objectives SSP needs such people for the supply chain department who can meet the needs of the organization to maintain the core business activities. Thus it searches for such people who are capable of doing the procurements and also maintaining the relationship with the supplier as a representative of SSP.Thus the objective of SSP is to hire a dynamic and outstanding person in the supply chain management area. Recruitment Policies Recruitment for the supply chain department in SSP is a Job of the human resource department. The human resource department finds a pool of candidates and along with the supply chain department selects the best person for the Job. Human Resource Management Practices -98- Recruitment Process for Supply Chain Department For the recruitment process JPL's supply chain department follows a very formal hiring process.Here the process is described briefly. The Assistant General Manager (GM) of the department fills up a requisition form with the Job position, requirements, criteria, Job description, and number of positions. It also clarifies why the depar tment needs a new person. Then the requisition is verified and approved by the HER Manager. The HER department publishes a circular in the newspaper for both the executives and non- executive level posts. It also publishes a circular in Job searching websites on the Internet (I. E. Boots) for the executive level posts.After receiving the C.v. from the candidates the selection process starts (Personal communication, 2006). Selection Process The HER department does a primary sorting of the C.v. and sends them to the supply candidates for a written examination. The HER department and the supply chain department make the question papers and conduct the exam. Both the HER department and the supply chain department check the exam scripts. The selected candidates from the written exam are called for an interview with the HER department and the supply chain department.Before going for the interview candidates fill a management application form with their personal information and salary expe ctations. Sir Lankan Journal of Management, Volvo. 10, No's. 3 & 4: Volvo. 11, No's. 1 & 2- 99- Sometimes the salary negotiation is done at the interview. The candidates selected from this interview are formally of selected for the Job. After that the selected candidates are sent for a medical check up. If everything is fine in the medical report then the appointment letter is given to the candidates with a set of instructions about the code of conduct of the organization (PersonalInduction and Probation Period for New Employees Induction refers to the process of helping people to make the transition into a new workplace, a new role or area of responsibility. It is considered to be a continuous process which generally starts with contact prior to taking up employment and proceeds through arrival, first days/weeks on the Job and generally up to the third month of employment. Induction is essential for all staff regardless of category or conditions of employment (http:// woman. Monish . Deed. AU).In SSP induction is the process of introducing the new employee to the organization. The HER department sakes the initiative to introduce the new employee to all the departments of SSP. A presentation is conducted by the department to let the new employee know about SSP in detail. Along with this an orientation program continues for 7-10 days to be familiar and linked with all the departments as the supply chain department is related to all other departments of the company. From six months after Joining the employee goes through a probation period.Within this time training is given to the employee. The employee tries to learn about his Job. After six months an evaluation of this employee is conducted by the GM. If the result is not satisfactory then the probation period is extended to another three months. After three months again a performance evaluation takes place. Then if the result is satisfactory the employee becomes permanent. But if the result is not satisfactory the employee's Job is terminated by the department with the consent of DEAD (Personal communication, 2006).Human Resource Management Practices -100- Job Description A Job description is a list of tasks, duties, and responsibilities that a Job entails (Non et al. , 2006). Job descriptions are supposed to describe duties and performance tankards that are directly linked to organizational success factors established by the leadership, and for which it is willing to pay a salary (Moore, 2007). Thus it works as a guideline for an employee to accomplish his Job activities effectively. It also provides a standard for the supervisor of the employee to evaluate the employee's of the department.When an employee Joins this department the GM prepares a new Job description based on the company's Job description and the skills and abilities that the employee actually obtains. Then the Job description is given to the employee. The employee follows the Job description as a guideline for his Job. D uring performance appraisal the supervisors also use the Job description to compare the employee's actual performance with the required one (Personal communication, 2006). Training Training is a planned effort to facilitate the learning of Jobs related knowledge, skills and behavior by employees (Non et al. 2006). In SSP like all other departments the supply chain department also arranges for a training program. Training takes place here in different forms. These are discussed here briefly. Induction Training After Joining this department of SSP the new employees get a specific training for a period of six months. During this time they are taught their Job related activities. This training is conducted in two different ways. These are classroom training and off the job training. Sir Lankan Journal of Management, Volvo. 10, No's. &4: Volvo. 11, No's. 1 & 2- 101 – Classroom Training Classroom training is arranged by SSP. The supply chain department sends the list of the employe es who will need the training and the topics that the training should cover to the HER department. Then the HER department contacts JPL's faculties to conduct the training. Thus classroom training is provided to the employees. At the end of training the employees are evaluated through a presentation. If the training result is satisfactory then the employees' probation period comes to an end.Off-the-Job Training Off-the-Job training takes place away from the normal work situation which means that the employee is not regarded as a productive worker when training is taking place. An advantage of off-the-Job training is that it allows people to get away from work and totally concentrate on the training being given. This is most effective for training concepts and ideas (http://en. Wisped. Org). For this training purpose the supply chain similarly contacts the HER department. The HER department then arranges the training program with some outside organization to provide training.Sometime s even the employees are also sent abroad for training. Here also the employees are needed to make a presentation in front of the top-level management after the completion of the training. On-the-Job Training On-the-Job training is given in a normal working situation, using the actual tools, equipment, documents or materials that they will use when fully trained. On-the-lob training is usually most effective for vocational work (http:// en. Kipped. Org). The Assistant General Manager (GM) of the supply chain department conducts a training program once a year for all the employees of the department.This is arranged for a very short period of time such as two or three days. At that time he tries to find out whether any employee needs any extensive training program or not, based on his performance evaluation. If any training program is required for the employees he contacts the HER department to arrange the training program (Personal -102- Employee Development Development is the acquis ition of knowledge, skills, and behaviors that improve an employee's ability to meet changes in Job requirements and in client and customer demands (Non et al. , 2006).There are several methods for employee development such as, formal education program, Job enlargement, Job enrichment, Job rotation, transfer, promotions, etc. In SSP for the supply chain department there are no such employee development processes. The employees are given promotions on the basis of their performance at the end of the year (personal communication, 2006). There are no opportunities for the employees to have Job enlargement, Job enrichment, rotation, etc. Thus they cannot learn anything more than their own Job activities and developing a career.Performance Appraisal Performance appraisal is the process through which an organization gets information on how well an employee is doing his or her Job (Non et al. , 2006). The central feature of any performance appraisal system is the establishment of objective s against which any assessment of the performance of the individual is based. The supply chain department of SSP conducts the performance appraisal for all the employees of the department. The HER department helps in this process. At first the employees are even the opportunity of self-evaluation.Later on the employees are evaluated by their reporting boss and the person supervising his boss. Thus all the employees including the GM and DEAD are evaluated. The MD evaluates the Idea's performance. For this evaluation purpose there is a specific performance appraisal form. Then the GM, DEAD and MD sit together to take decisions based on the employee evaluation. If any employee's performance is not satisfactory then they decide about how the performance of that employee can be improved. If any employee's performance is outstanding then he gets a promotion (Personal communication. 006). Sir Lankan Journal of Management, Volvo. 10, No's. 3&4: Volvo. 11, No's. 1 & 2- 103- Reward and Compen sation System The reward system of an organization includes anything that an employee may value and desire and that the employer is able or willing to offer in exchange for employee contributions. The reward system consists of a compensation and non-compensation system. Compensation refers to all forms of financial returns and tangible services and benefits employees receive as part of an employment relationship.Pay Structure Pay structure is the relative pay of different Jobs bib structure) and how much they are paid (pay level) (Non et al. 2006). The pay structure for the employees of the supply chain department of SSP is shown below. Basic Salary + Home Rent + Transport + Medical Allowance Other Benefits Besides the promotion an increment in the basic salary is granted for all the employees once a year to adjust with inflation. The employees get five bonuses in a year. They also have the provident fund facility.For the provident fund the company itself cuts 10 percent from the ba sic and the employees need to submit 10 percent from his own income. SSP also has a retirement plan for the employees. They take gratuity from the company after retirement. The company also provides the profit sharing scheme for the employees. The employees get some health care benefits at a discounted rate from selected hospitals and health care centers of Square. From now the employees will get health care benefits at a discounted rate at the Square Hospital.The employees can have their food from the office canteen free of cost. The employees of this department get cell phone facilities from the company. SSP has an official agreement with Grahame phone. The company provides the hand set to the employees with the Simi card. Besides, SSP also pays a fixed amount of the monthly ill of the employees Basic pay: Basic pay usually refers to the pay received without taking into account any additional benefits or bonuses, such as a car, medical cover, commissions, clothing, food etc. T als o refers to the amount of pay before taking any deductions such as tax off. Every employees of the organization has been provided a basic salary which varies according to their ranks. Compensation package are given on the basis of their basic payment Provident Fund: The Company's Provident Fund is a funded scheme. All confirmed and permanent employees are entitled to be members of the Provident Fund. The employee nutrition, equal to 10% of the basic salary, is deducted each month through the payroll. The Company's Provident Fund is a funded scheme.All long-established and enduring employees are at liberty to be members of the Provident Fund. In the Provident Fund Ledger, both the employee's and the Company's contributions are accredited to the individual employee's account. Gratuity Facility: Gratuity is a scheme to motivate people to serve for longer durations with the same employer. Anybody who has served an organization for more than 5 years is eligible for Gratuity. A portion of the employee's last drawn salary would be multiplied with he number of years of service and paid out when the leave an organization after years of service.This facility has been provided by the organization when an employee will leave from the organization. Bonuses: Incentive bonuses are a creative form of compensation that some employers offer their employees. Bonuses and cash incentives are a form of variable pay linked to individual, collective or organizational performance. Non cash incentives are also widely used such as; competency based pay, skill based pay, employee recognition and commission. 0 Festival Bonus: The bonus that is given on the eve of religious festival is called

Rules for Japanese Letter Format

Rules for Japanese Letter Format The difference between written language and conversational language in Japanese is much greater than in English. Japanese letters often use classical grammar patterns which are seldom used in conversation. Although there are no particular rules when writing to close friends, there are many set expressions  and honorific expressions (Keigo) used in formal letters. A conversational style is not usually used when writing formal letters. Opening and Closing Words The opening and closing words in letters, which are similar to Englishs Dear and Sincerely etc., come in pairs. Haikei æ‹ Ã¥â€¢â€œ - Keigu æ• ¬Ã¥â€¦ ·The most common pair used in formal letters. Women sometimes use Kashiko㠁‹ã â€"㠁“ as a closing word instead of Keigu.Zenryaku å‰ Ã§â€¢ ¥ - Sousou è â€°Ã£â‚¬â€¦This pair is less formal. It is usually used when you dont have time to write a long letter, so that the preliminary greetings are omitted. Zenryaku literally means, omitting the preliminary remarks. Preliminary Greetings Ogenki de irasshaimasu ka. (very formal)㠁Šå…Æ'æ °â€"㠁 §Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€°Ã£  £Ã£ â€"ã‚Æ'㠁„㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€šHave you been doing well? Ogenki desu ka.㠁Šå…Æ'æ °â€"㠁 §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€šHave you been doing well? Ikaga osugoshi de irasshaimasu ka. (very formal)㠁„㠁‹ã Å'㠁Šé Å½Ã£ â€Ã£ â€"㠁 §Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€°Ã£  £Ã£ â€"ã‚Æ'㠁„㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€šHow have you been? Ikaga osugoshi desu ka.㠁„㠁‹ã Å'㠁Šé Å½Ã£ â€Ã£ â€"㠁 §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€šHow have you been? Okagesama de genki ni shite orimasu. (very formal)㠁Šã â€¹Ã£ â€™Ã£ â€¢Ã£  ¾Ã£  §Ã¥â€¦Æ'æ °â€"㠁 «Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£ Å Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šFortunately Im doing well. Kazoku ichidou genki ni shite orimasu.Ã¥ ® ¶Ã¦â€" Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¥ Å'å…Æ'æ °â€"㠁 «Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£ Å Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šThe whole family is doing well. Otegami arigatou gozaimashita.㠁Šæ‰‹ç ´â„¢Ã£ â€šÃ£â€šÅ Ã£ Å'㠁 ¨Ã£ â€ Ã£ â€Ã£ â€"㠁„㠁 ¾Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã€‚Thank you for your letter. Nagai aida gobusata shite orimashite moushiwake gozaimasen. (very formal)é• ·Ã£ â€žÃ©â€"“㠁”ç„ ¡Ã¦ ²â„¢Ã¦ ± °Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£ Å Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã§â€ ³Ã£ â€"è ¨ ³Ã£ â€Ã£ â€"㠁„㠁 ¾Ã£ â€ºÃ£â€šâ€œÃ£â‚¬â€šI apologize for neglecting to write for such a long time. Gobusata shite orimasu.㠁”ç„ ¡Ã¦ ²â„¢Ã¦ ± °Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£ Å Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šIm sorry I havent written for a long time. These expressions or seasonal greetings can be combined in a variety of ways to form the preliminary greeting. The Japanese have long admired the seasonal changes, therefore it seems too abrupt to start a letter without the proper seasonal greeting. Here are some examples. Gobusata shite orimasu ga, ogenki de irasshaimasu ka.㠁”ç„ ¡Ã¦ ²â„¢Ã¦ ± °Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£ Å Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£ Å'〠Ã£ Å Ã¥â€¦Æ'æ °â€"㠁 §Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€°Ã£  £Ã£ â€"ã‚Æ'㠁„㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€šIm sorry I havent written for a long time, but have you been doing well? Sukkari aki rashiku natte mairimashita ga, ikaga osugoshi de irasshaimasu ka.㠁™ã  £Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šÅ Ã§ §â€¹Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£ â€"㠁 Ã£  ªÃ£  £Ã£  ¦Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šÅ Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã Å'〠Ã£ â€žÃ£ â€¹Ã£ Å'㠁Šé Å½Ã£ â€Ã£ â€"㠁 §Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€°Ã£  £Ã£ â€"ã‚Æ'㠁„㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€šIt has become very autumn like; how have you been? Samui hi ga tsuzuite orimasu ga, ikaga osugoshi desu ka.Ã¥ ¯â€™Ã£ â€žÃ¦â€" ¥Ã£ Å'ç ¶Å¡Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¦Ã£ Å Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£ Å'〠Ã£ â€žÃ£ â€¹Ã£ Å'㠁Šé Å½Ã£ â€Ã£ â€"㠁 §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€šCold days continue; how have you been? Final Greetings Douka yoroshiku onegai itashimasu.㠁 ©Ã£ â€ Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šË†Ã£â€š Ã£ â€"㠁 Ã£ Å Ã© ¡ËœÃ£ â€žÃ£ â€"㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šKindly look after this matter for me. ~ ni yoroshiku otsutae kudasai.㠁 «Ã£â€šË†Ã£â€š Ã£ â€"㠁 Ã£ Å Ã¤ ¼ Ã£ Ë†Ã£  Ã£   Ã£ â€¢Ã£ â€žÃ£â‚¬â€šPlease give my regards to ~. Minasama ni douzo yoroshiku.皆æ §ËœÃ£  «Ã£  ©Ã£ â€ Ã£ Å¾Ã£â€šË†Ã£â€š Ã£ â€"㠁 Ã£â‚¬â€šPlease give my regards to everyone. Okarada o taisetsu ni.㠁Šä ½â€œÃ£â€šâ€™Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¥Ë†â€¡Ã£  «Ã£â‚¬â€šPlease take care of yourself. Douzo ogenki de.㠁 ©Ã£ â€ Ã£ Å¾Ã£ Å Ã¥â€¦Æ'æ °â€"㠁 §Ã£â‚¬â€šTake care of yourself. Ohenji omachi shite orimasu.㠁Šè ¿â€Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã£ Å Ã¥ ¾â€¦Ã£  ¡Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£ Å Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šI look forward to hearing from you.

Building research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Building - Research Paper Example Some books of Latin America are as old as 1751 and some manuscripts and newspaper of the 18th century. In the central tower, the library can hold up to 180,000 volumes of books and in the underground around 600,000 volumes making their collection about 1 million volumes and other manuscripts that may also total in millions (Parks). The building consists of marble, granite, bronze and glasswork. Its structure was designed at 200’-0’’ and 350’-0’’ site plan. The building  has  total square footage of  88,347. The  buildings roof serves as a landmark for visitors and people on the campus of Yale. It is a six-story tower, which is enclosed by glass top, containing book stacks encircled by windowless shell held by four piers at the curve of the building. The outer walls are made of Lucida marble panel, which protects direct sunlight from coming in, yet promoted subdued light entrance. The marble walls are thinly sliced that makes sunlight enter the library softly making the view beautiful and unique (â€Å"Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library†). The dimensions have appropriate mathematical proportions, 1:2:3, which make the architectural design platonic. The building is commonly  known  as the â€Å"jewel box† because of its unique feature that there is a stark light emerging after sun is set. It is also known as the â€Å"laboratory of humanities.† The presence of Alexander Calder’s â€Å"Gallows and Lollipops† across the plaza serves as a delightful sight for the visitor (â€Å"Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library†). Visitors enter into the building using a revolving glass door, and there are two stairways to the mezzanine level that displays Beinecke’s collection. There is a public exhibition house, which displays 48 extant copies of Gutenberg Bible. There are two basement doors, first which goes down to the â€Å"Court† level, at the heart in front of Beinecke â€Å"The Garden"  that features sculptures of Isamu Noguchi (Pyramid Sun and Cube).

Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Democracy - Essay Example Mostly the leader is on a self-satisfaction role. Second, an oligarchy which is a form of rule whereby authority is vested to individuals of the same family on the grounds of economic or financial might. Under modern classification there exist a number of different types of regimes as suggested by Tilly (2007). These are: First dictatorship which is a regime under the principle, one country, one state, one ruler. A single individual has all the powers with no other individual or body to challenge his powers. There exists a single political party under such leadership. The merit of such leadership is that decision making process is fast because the stage of consulting is not there or is minimal. The disadvantage is the oppression of people’s opinions and misuse of power by the dictator. Dictatorship is mostly encouraged when there is obsequiousness by the public on a certain leader or ignorance on the part of the electorate on another form of leadership. The electorate should b e sensitized on different leadership styles and many parties should be given a platform for their formation so as to give the public diverse ideologies to choose from. Second, democracy is basically ruled by the people, by the people and for the people. The advantages of such rule are that priority is given to the needs of the people. Leaders are chosen by the people and work on their demands. Many political parties with divergent ideologies strengthen democracy whilst one party system weakens it. The existence of many political parties increases the cost of selling the party's ideology to the people and the election process. Federalism This is basically the principle of giving powers to diverse bodies and such like institutions. These bodies have the capacity to govern independently. The central government strictly deals with authority in security as well as alien policy though these bodies can have worldwide responsibilities. Federalism emerged due to the desire to avoid centraliz ed rule. The scholars associated with federalism pushed for autonomy and diversity in administration, policy making and resource use. They disagreed on the arrangement of having a single unit possessing all this authority. Federalism thus takes away excess powers from a single unit to avoid misuse and inefficiency and distributes it to other units. In most cases this encourages growth. Federalism should be more encouraged especially in states where power seems to be given to a single institution or ruler. Such a situation has made it very easy for there to be a misuse of authority or oppression of the minorities. One of the institutions that could be easily used to allocate powers to different institutions and check these powers is the judiciary. It translates according to the constitution what powers each and every body should posses thus promoting federalism. In most instances parliaments, if given too much power, discourages federalism. This is when it makes bills and without muc h consideration to what the public desires passes this bill into law. Equal Opportunity Equal opportunity means the scraping off of those legislations that would probably bring about discriminations. These might be in the political field, economic or social. In the past political undertakings were strictly reserved for men. They occupied policy-making offices as well as implementation and administration. Women never got the chance to have a say. In a society that has equal chance ideologies; several factors must be visible in the guidelines guiding such equal chance policy. First there must be the range into which policies made pertain to. Second the deeds to be explored must be laid out. Third ways of putting into operation the guidelines as well as those in charge Last