A Witness to Four Wars, Columbia Graduate Now Focuses on Building Peace COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

A Witness to Four Wars, Columbia Graduate Now Focuses on Building Peace COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The following story was put together by the Public Affairs Office of Columbia University.   Monique, the student featured, is graduating from SIPA today. ____________________________ Monique Tuyisenge-Onyegbula, 27 years old, has already witnessed four wars in Rwanda, Cote d’Ivoire, Iraq and Afghanistan. It has been a long journey for Tuyisenge-Onyegbula, who is graduating with a master’s degree from Columbia’s  School of International and Public Affairs this month. Her goal: To help bring peace to communities affected by violence. Monique Tuyisenge-Onyegbula (center) with her brothers and cousins in Kigali, Rwanda Image credit: Monique Tuyisenge-Onyegbula At the age of 11, Monique and her family were forced to flee from civil war in Rwanda, where she spent most of her childhood, and then lived as a refugee in Cote d’Ivoire, which was also affected by conflict. Years later, she was able to return with her brother to the U.S., where she was born, and served in military operations supporting the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan as a member of the U.S. Navy. “It took me four wars to understand; war is not the answer, machetes are not the answer,” said Tuyisenge-Onyegbula, who earned a bachelor’s degree in conflict analysis and resolution from George Mason University in 2007. “If we don’t sit down and discuss what we were fighting about we will not be able to keep the peace.” Born in Michigan, where her parents were students at Andrews University, Tuyisenge-Onyegbula moved back to Rwanda with her family in 1984, when she was a year old. In April 1994, the country descended into a brutal ethnic war between the Hutu majority and Tutsi minority. More than 800,000 people were killed in less than six months. Her family fled without passports to Goma, a border town in the Democratic Republic of Congo (then known as Zaire). They lived with two other families in a one-bedroom apartment near a hospital that was overwhelmed with victims of the war in Rwanda. “I consider myself lucky,” she said. “Although we had to stand in line for food aid, we did not have to live in the refugee camps for long, which became dangerous… But I hit a very low point in Goma, and I lost all hope there.” As conditions deteriorated, Tuyisenge-Onyegbula’s father arranged for her and her brother, Jeffrey, to travel to Cote d’Ivoire and enroll in a boarding school. Without passports, it took three years for the siblings to establish their U.S. citizenship. Max Church, a close family friend in Michigan, helped secure their birth certificates and establish their American nationality. For much of this time Tuyisenge-Onyegbula received no communication from her family in Goma and feared the worst. As political tensions in Cote d’Ivoire escalated, she and her brother received their passports and arrived in the U.S. in January 1998. For two years they lived in Ohio with Churchs son and his family. In 2000, Tuyisenge-Onyegbula was reunited with her family in Delawareâ€"they had escaped to Kenya and passed through Haiti before arriving in the U.S. After completing high school, she enlisted in the navy to put herself through college, and served until January 2006 as an engineering machinist on the U.S.S. Wasp, operating and maintaining steam turbines and reduction gears used for ship propulsion. During her service, she shared her experiences in Rwanda with her shipmates. “I would literally shake for hours just talking about it, and the shaking would last beyond the conversations,” she said. “I was still bitter.” After leaving the military, she completed her studies at George Mason in Virginia. While there, she attended an event where she witnessed the first conversations she had seen between Hutus and Tutsis since leaving Rwanda. Deeply moved, she committed herself to working for peace in the region where she grew up. “I want to help create an instrument of change that can help break the cycle of violence in the Great Lakes region of Africa,” she said.  â€œEthnic identities are a major cause of the problem.  They are mere labels that hinder our conversations. I want to help create peace.” At Columbia, she studied international security policy and served as president of the  SIPA Pan-African Network, coordinating events such as the African Diplomatic Forum and African Economic Forum. Tuyisenge-Onyegbula and her husband are currently expecting their first child. She hopes to return to the workforce after her baby is born, to focus on foreign policy issues with a U.S. government agency, an organization in the Great Lakes region, or a multilateral organization such as the U.N. “I survived for a reason, I believe. I suffered, but I was spared for some reason too,” she said. “Many friends of mine died from violence or from starvation. I want no child to go through what I experienced.”

Article Analysis Aquinas For Armchair Theologians Essay

Article 1- Aquinas for Armchair Theologians After reading Article 1, Aquinas for Armchair Theologians by Timothy M. Renick most can automatically acquire that Thomas Aquinas was a very influential thinker amongst others when explaining his theological views. His religious views may have differed from others during his time, however, it did influence and encourage others on the different topics of God vs. Satan, and why God has not all the answers, and powers when making sure every human being should not face evil. Aquinas believed that Christians needed to view their basic beliefs in another way to make sense of their own faith when questioning all that God did for each individual. The real question to all this, which a lot of people even question today is â€Å"Why is their evil in the World?† Well unfortunately some believe their (omnipotent) God has all the answers and knows of every person’s next moves and what’s yet to come. I can somewhat agree with that but I don’t believe it is my duty to j udge or prove the existence, and the all mighty power God has. I certainly am a believer of faith and that the existence of good and evil lies in all of us, regardless of the control God has over us. My opinion relates to how Aquinas believes that everyone’s consequences and endings they choose are because of the free choice God gives us all. As mentioned in the book, a great example that I find makes a perfect analogy is when he states, â€Å"He can create in a multitude of ways, No

Discuss two social psychological theories of aggression

Discuss two social psychological theories of aggression (24 marks) One social psychological theory of aggression is social learning theory. SLT argues that like all behaviour, aggression is learned through both direct and indirect reinforcement. Behaviour which is reinforced, be that positively or negatively – positive reinforcement occurs when the behaviour causes desired outcomes, negative reinforcement occurs when the behaviour causes undesirable outcomes - is more likely to be learned and repeated. Operant conditioning states that learning the behaviour occurs through direct reinforcement, for example if a child cleans their room and is given some sweets (positive reinforcement) or when a child cleans their room so their parent stops†¦show more content†¦Many said that when they were in the experiment they felt that they were expected to act aggressively towards the bobo doll. On the other hand, social learning theory does allow us to explain the enormous cultural variations of aggression. SLT can account for these variations as it places value on social norms. This explains society such as the Amish where there is very little aggression as it indicates the importance of learning over biology. Secondly, through context-dependent learning, SLT accounts for why people may be aggressive in one situation and yet not in another, as we learn that while in some situations aggressive behaviour is rewarded, we also learn that in others it is not. Patterson et al found evidence in favour of social learning theory within his research into the importance of role models in the development of anti-social behaviour. Through questionnaires they found that very aggressive children tend to be raised in homes of high aggression, little affection and little positive feedback. Also, Mead found that the Arapesh (an example of a non-aggressive culture in which aggression is not admired and therefore not modelled or reinforces by adults. However, social learning theory is criticised for being both reductionist and over simplistic in its attempt to explain aggression. It is reductionist as it attempts to break down complex human behaviour into a series of four processes – Attention, Retention, Production andShow MoreRelatedViolence Tends To Threaten The Organization Of Society.1648 Words   |  7 Pagessociety violence is permeated in almost every aspect of our daily lives. Violence in our society enters our homes, workplace, and schools and especially in the media. Violence is the intentional action or inaction causing physical, sexual and psychological injury, including battering, pornography, sexual assault, incest, child abuse and sexual harassment. 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Characteristics of the Byronic Hero Free Essays

The Byronic hero–so named because it evolved primarily due to Lord Byron’s writing in the nineteenth century—is, according to Peter Thorslev, one of the most prominent literary character types of the Romantic period: Romantic heroes represent an important tradition in our literature . . . We will write a custom essay sample on Characteristics of the Byronic Hero or any similar topic only for you Order Now . In England we have a reinterpreted Paradise Lost, a number of Gothic novels and dramas . . . the heroic romances of the younger Scott, some of the poetry of Shelley, and the works of Byron. In all of these works the Byronic Hero is the one protagonist who in stature and in temperament best represents the [heroic] tradition in England. Thorslev 189) A Byronic hero exhibits several characteristic traits, and in many ways he can be considered a rebel. The Byronic hero does not possess â€Å"heroic virtue† in the usual sense; instead, he has many dark qualities. With regard to his intellectual capacity, self-respect, and hypersensitivity, the Byronic hero is â€Å"larger than life,† and â€Å"with the loss of his titanic passions, his pride, and his certainty of self-identity, he loses also his status as [a traditional] hero† (Thorslev 187). He is usually isolated from society as a wanderer or is in exile of some kind. It does not matter whether this social separation is imposed upon him by some external force or is self-imposed. Byron’s Manfred, a character who wandered desolate mountaintops, was physically isolated from society, whereas Childe Harold chose to â€Å"exile† himself and wander throughout Europe. Although Harold remained physically present in society and among people, he was not by any means â€Å"social. Often the Byronic hero is moody by nature or passionate about a particular issue. He also has emotional and intellectual capacities, which are superior to the average man. These heightened abilities force the Byronic hero to be arrogant, confident, abnormally sensitive, and extremely conscious of himself. Sometimes, this is to the point of nihilism resulting in his rebellion against life itself (Thorslev 197). In one form or another, he rejects the values and moral codes of society and because of this he is often unrepentant by society’s standards. Often the Byronic hero is characterized by a guilty memory of some unnamed sexual crime. Due to these characteristics, the Byronic hero is often a figure of repulsion, as well as fascination. Harold Bloom notes that â€Å"[b]etween them, the Brontes can be said to have invented a relatively new genre, a kind of northern romance, deeply influenced both by Byron’s poetry and by his myth and personality, but going back also . . . to the Gothic novel and to the Elizabethan drama† (1). When Byron died at the age of thirty-six in 1824, Bronte was but eight years old. Bronte’s youthful age, however, did not preclude Byron and his works from having a profound effect on her and her writing; indeed, the â€Å"cult† of Lord Byron flourished shortly after his death â€Å"dominating [the Brontes’] girlhood and their young womanhood† (Bloom 2). Of the Bronte sisters’ background, Tom Winnifrith comments that a â€Å"study of the Brontes’ juvenilia provides confirmatory evidence of the sisters’ preoccupation with the aristocracy, their emancipation from Victorian prudery, and the attraction of the Byronic hero, beautiful but damned† (4). How to cite Characteristics of the Byronic Hero, Essay examples

Taunts Essay Example For Students

Taunts Essay To taunt your opponent, enter one of the codes below. (Depending on your character, ofcourse.)Bad Mr. Frosty: L, R + B simultaneously or L, R + A simultaneously. Blob: L, R + A simultaneously. Bonker: L, R + A simultaneously. We will write a custom essay on Taunts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Dr. Kiln: L, R + A simultaneously. Earthworm Jim: L, R + A simultaneously. Houngan: L, R + B simultaneously or L, R + A simultaneously. Icky Bod Clay: L, R + B simultaneously. Kung Pow: L, R + A simultaneously. Sumo Santa: L, R + A simultaneously. Taffy: L, R + B simultaneously. T. Hoppy: L, R + A simultaneously. 300 HIT COMBOSFirst, perform any Combo. When your opponents life meter turns red, execute one of your charactersSpecial Moves. Many hits will follow, and you can still do your characters Claytality!Secret options mode At the character selection screen, hold L and press C-Up, C-Right, C-Left, C-Down, B, A(2). If you entered the code correctly, the screen will flash. Press B to exit, then enter the options menu. Choose the Secret Options selection to access different body sizes, voices, backgrounds, camera flights, claytality timer settings, and camera control using controller four. Play as Sumo Santa At the character selection screen, hold L and press A, C-Down, C-Right, C-Up, C-Left, B. Play as Dr. Kiln At the character selection screen, hold L and press B, C-Left, C-Up, C-Right, C-Down, A. Holding down the left shoulder button (L) at the character selection screen, move joypad Up, Right, Down, Left, Right, Left. Play as Booger ManBy: N64.comHold L and press Top C, Right C, Left C, Bottom C, B, ACPU control At the character selection screen, hold L and press A(5), C-Up, C-Down, C-Left, C-Left, B, A, C-Right. Programmers mode At the character selection screen, hold L and press A, B, A, B, A, B, C-Left, C-Right, C-Up, C-Right, C-Left, C-Right. This mode allows any character to be selected, and has an overhead view of each stage. Random fighter select At the character selection screen, hold L + R. Alternate costume colors At the character selection screen, press A for color scheme one or C-Down for color scheme two, then press B to exit. Same costume colors At the character selection screen, press C-Up on either controller to select any fighter. Then, have the other player highlight the same character and allow the timer to reach zero. Both fighters will now be the same color during the match. Stage select Select two player mode, then press C-Left or C-Right at the screen that displays the current stage. Taunts To taunt your opponent, enter one of the codes below. (Depending on your character, ofcourse.)Bad Mr. Frosty: L, R + B simultaneously or L, R + A simultaneously. Blob: L, R + A simultaneously. Bonker: L, R + A simultaneously. Dr. Kiln: L, R + A simultaneously. Earthworm Jim: L, R + A simultaneously. Houngan: L, R + B simultaneously or L, R + A simultaneously. Icky Bod Clay: L, R + B simultaneously. Kung Pow: L, R + A simultaneously. Sumo Santa: L, R + A simultaneously. Taffy: L, R + B simultaneously. T. Hoppy: L, R + A simultaneously. Move ListMr. FrostySpecial MovesSnow Ball: Bad Mr. Frosty rolls into a ball and hurls himself at his opponent. Hold Back for twoseconds, then press Forward and any Punch. Ice Pick: Bad Mr. Frosty changes his hand into an ice pick and stabs his opponent. Press Down,Down-forward, Forward, any Punch. Ice Skate Dash: Bad Mr. Frosty skis on one leg over to his opponent while yellingSnowblower! Hold Back for two seconds, then press Forward and any Kick. Frosty Splash: Bad Mr. Frosty jumps in the air and hits his opponent with a belly slam. PressDown, Down-back, Back, any Punch. Blizzard Kick: Bad Mr. Frosty jumps in the air and kicks his opponent while yelling Blizzard!Press Forward, Down, Forward, any Kick. Shadow Moves (aka Super Special Moves):Roll (the Control Pad/Stick) Back, Down, Forward twice, then press Kick. .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d , .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d .postImageUrl , .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d , .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d:hover , .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d:visited , .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d:active { border:0!important; } .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d:active , .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc4fcd60a463d053b95f2f525faa34b8d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Christopher Columbus EssayRoll (the Control Pad/Stick) Forward, Down, Back twice, then press Kick. CombosListed below are a few example combos that Bad Mr. Frosty can do. Experiment with hisSpecial Moves to find more!4-hit Combo: Hold Back for two seconds, then press Forward and Brutal Kick and Fair Kick. While you press Fair Kick, hold Back for a second, then press Forward and Brutal Punch. 7-hit Combo: Jump in, Brutal Punch, Fair Punch, Forward, Down, Forward, Brutal Kick. Combo Breaker: Press Forward, Down,

Battle of Eutaw Springs in the American Revolution

Battle of Eutaw Springs in the American Revolution The Battle of Eutaw Springs was fought September 8, 1781, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). Armies Commanders Americans Major General Nathanael Greene2,200 men British Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Stewart2,000 men Background Having won a bloody victory over American forces at the Battle of Guilford Court House on March 1781, Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis elected to turn east for Wilmington, NC as his army was short on supplies. Assessing the strategic situation, Cornwallis later decided to march north into Virginia as he believed the Carolinas could only be pacified after subjugating the more northern colony. Pursuing Cornwallis part of the way to Wilmington, Major General Nathanael Greene turned south on April 8 and moved back into South Carolina. Cornwallis was willing to let the American army go as he believed that Lord Francis Rawdons forces in South Carolina and Georgia were sufficient to contain Greene. Though Rawdon possessed around 8,000 men, they were scattered in small garrisons throughout the two colonies. Advancing into South Carolina, Greene sought to eliminate these posts and reassert American control over the backcountry. Working in conjunction with independent commanders such as Brigadier Generals Francis Marion and Thomas Sumter, American troops began capturing several minor garrisons. Though beaten by Rawdon at Hobkirks Hill on April 25, Green continued his operations. Moving to attack the British base at Ninety-Six, he laid siege on May 22. In early June, Greene learned that Rawdon was approaching from Charleston with reinforcements. After an assault on Ninety-Six failed, he was compelled to abandon the siege. The Armies Meet Though Greene had been forced to retreat, Rawdon elected to abandon Ninety-Six as part of a general withdrawal from the backcountry. As the summer progressed, both sides wilted in the regions hot weather. Suffering from ill-health, Rawdon departed in July and turned command over to Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Stewart. Captured at sea, Rawdon was an unwilling witness during the Battle of the Chesapeake in September. In the wake of the failure at Ninety-Six, Greene moved his men to the cooler High Hills of Santee where he remained for six weeks. Advancing from Charleston with around 2,000 men, Stewart established a camp at Eutaw Springs approximately fifty miles northwest of the city. Resuming operations on August 22, Greene moved to Camden before turning south and advancing on Eutaw Springs. Short on food, Stewart had begun sending out foraging parties from his camp. Around 8:00 AM on September 8, one of these parties, led by Captain John Coffin, encountered an American scouting force overseen by Major John Armstrong. Retreating, Armstrong led Coffins men into an ambush where Lieutenant Colonel Light-Horse Harry Lees men captured around forty of the British troops. Advancing, the Americans also captured a large number of Stewarts foragers. As Greenes army approached Stewarts position, the British commander, now alerted to the threat, began forming his men to the west of the camp. A Back and Forth Fight Deploying his forces, Greene used a formation similar to his earlier battles. Placing his North and South Carolina militia in the front line, he supported them with Brigadier General Jethro Sumners North Carolina Continentals. Sumners command was further reinforced by Continental units from Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware. The infantry was supplemented by units of cavalry and dragoons led by Lee and Lieutenant Colonels William Washington and Wade Hampton. As Greenes 2,200 men approached, Stewart directed his men to advance and attack. Standing their ground, the militia fought well and exchanged several volleys with the British regulars before yielding under a bayonet charge. As the militia began to retreat, Greene ordered Sumners men forward. Halting the British advance, they too began to waver as Stewarts men charged forward. Committing his veteran Maryland and Virginia Continentals, Greene stopped the British and soon began counterattacking. Driving the British back, the Americans were on the verge of victory when they reached the British camp. Entering the area, they elected to stop and pillage the British tents rather than continue the pursuit. As the fighting was raging, Major John Marjoribanks succeeded in turning back an American cavalry attack on the British right and captured Washington. With Greenes men preoccupied with looting, Marjoribanks shifted his men to a brick mansion just beyond the British camp. From the protection of this structure, they opened fire on the distracted Americans. Though Greenes men organized an assault on the house, they failed to carry it. Rallying his troops around the structure, Stewart counterattacked. With his forces disorganized, Greene was compelled to organize a rearguard and fall back. Retreating in good order, the Americans withdrew a short distance to the west. Remaining in the area, Greene intended to renew the fighting the next day, but wet weather prevented this. As a result, he elected to depart the vicinity. Though he held the field, Stewart believed his position was too exposed and began withdrawing to Charleston with American forces harassing his rear. Aftermath In the fighting at Eutaw Springs, Greene suffered 138 killed, 375 wounded, and 41 missing. British losses numbered 85 killed, 351 wounded, and 257 captured/missing. When members of the captured foraging party are added, the number of British captured totals around 500. Though he had won a tactical victory, Stewarts decision to withdraw to the safety of Charleston proved a strategic victory for Greene. The last major battle in the South, the aftermath of Eutaw Springs saw the British focus on maintaining enclaves on the coast while effectively surrendering the interior to American forces. While skirmishing continued, the focus of major operations shifted to Virginia where Franco-American forces won the key Battle of Yorktown the following month.

The Great Compromise of 1787

The Great Compromise of 1787 The Great Compromise of 1787, also known as the Sherman Compromise, was an agreement reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 between delegates of the states with large and small populations that defined the structure of Congress and the number of representatives each state would have in Congress according to the United States Constitution. Under the agreement proposed by Connecticut delegate Roger Sherman, Congress would be a â€Å"bicameral† or two-chambered body, with each state getting a number of representatives in the lower chamber (the House) proportional to its population and two representatives in the upper chamber (the Senate). Key Takeaways: Great Compromise The Great Compromise of 1787 defined the structure of the U.S. Congress and the number of representatives each state would have in Congress under the U.S. Constitution.The Great Compromise was brokered as an agreement between the large and small states during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 by Connecticut delegate Roger Sherman.Under the Great Compromise, each state would get two representatives in the Senate and a variable number of representatives in the House in proportion to its population according to the decennial U.S. census. Perhaps the greatest debate undertaken by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 centered on how many representatives each state should have in the new governments lawmaking branch, the U.S. Congress. As is often the case in government and politics, resolving a great debate required a great compromise- in this case, the Great Compromise of 1787. Early in the Constitutional Convention, delegates envisioned a Congress consisting of only a single chamber with a certain number of representatives from each state. Representation The burning question was, how many representatives from each state? Delegates from the larger, more populous states favored the Virginia Plan, which called for each state to have a different number of representatives based on the state’s population. Delegates from smaller states supported the New Jersey Plan, under which each state would send the same number of representatives to Congress. Delegates from the smaller states argued that, despite their lower populations, their states held equal legal status to that of the larger states, and that proportional representation would be unfair to them. Delegate Gunning Bedford, Jr. of Delaware notoriously threatened that the small states could be forced to â€Å"find some foreign ally of more honor and good faith, who will take them by the hand and do them justice.† However, Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts objected to the small states’ claim of legal sovereignty, stating that â€Å"we never were independent States, were not such now, and never could be even on the principles of the Confederation. The States and the advocates for them were intoxicated with the idea of their sovereignty.† Shermans Plan Connecticut delegate Roger Sherman is credited with proposing the alternative of a bicameral, or two-chambered Congress made up of a Senate and a House of Representatives. Each state, suggested Sherman, would send an equal number of representatives to the Senate, and one representative to the House for every 30,000 residents of the state. At the time, all the states except Pennsylvania had bicameral legislatures, so the delegates were familiar with the structure of Congress proposed by Sherman. Sherman’s plan pleased delegates from both the large and small states and became known as the Connecticut Compromise of 1787, or the Great Compromise. The structure and powers of the new U.S. Congress, as proposed by the delegates of the Constitutional Convention, were explained to the people by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison in the Federalist Papers. Apportionment and Redistricting Today, each state is represented in Congress by two Senators and a variable number of members of the House of Representatives based on the state’s population as reported in the most recent decennial census. The process of fairly determining the number of members of the House from each state is called apportionment. The first census in 1790 counted 4 million Americans. Based on that count, the total number of members elected to the House of Representatives grew from the original 65 to 106. The current House membership of 435 was set by Congress in 1911. Redistricting to Ensure Equal Representation   To ensure fair and equal representation in the House, the process of â€Å"redistricting† is used to establish or change the geographic boundaries within the states from which representatives are elected. In the 1964 case of Reynolds v. Sims, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that all of the congressional districts in each state must all have roughly the same population. Through apportionment and redistricting, high population urban areas are prevented from gaining an inequitable political advantage over less populated rural areas. For example, if New York City were not split into several congressional districts, the vote of a single New York City resident would carry more influence on the House than all of the residents in the rest of the State of New York combined.